et Latin · revision 17721

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *h₁éti}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɛt]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɛt]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''et''' ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*eti]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₁éti|t=still, also, beyond]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan suggests that the PIE adverb may be an old locative of a root noun from [[m|ine-pro|*h₁et-|t=go beyond]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[xum|et|t=and]] (which joins phrases, not sentences) and [[pgn|et|t=and]],^(de Vaan 2008) [[xtg|eti|t=yet, still]], [[sa|अति|tr=áti|t=beyond, over]], [[grc|ἔτι|tr=éti|t=still, further]] and [[got|𐌹𐌸|tr=iþ|t=but]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found in the Twelve Tables and in Livius Andronicus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan holds that it was first used to add something to what had just been said, or to mark one action following another; only later did it take over the work of the enclitic [[-que]] as the ordinary word for “and”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The adding sense survives in Classical Latin: ''et'' can mean “also, too” or “even” before a single word, and ''non solum … sed et'' “not only … but also”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) As a plain [[m|en|conjunction]] it joins words, phrases and sentences, and repeated ''et … et'' means “both … and”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Inscriptions of the 2nd century AD already write ''e'', and later ones ''ed'' and assimilated forms.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) It passed into the Romance languages, as [[it|e]], [[fro|et]] and [[ro|e]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – Used in the Twelve Tables.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it for “and what is more” and “also, too”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''et'' to introduce the minor premise of a syllogism.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * AD 138 – An inscription spells it ''e''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|and]] (joining words, phrases, clauses or sentences); ''et … et'', both … and.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # And what is more, and … too (adding an afterthought); ''et is'', ''et quidem'', and that too.^(OLD 2012)

+ # And indeed, and in fact (opening an emphatic sentence or a parenthesis).^(OLD 2012)

+ # And even, or rather (adding a wider or corrected statement); after a negative, and on the contrary.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(in dialogue)'' And I too, and so too.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|also]], too, likewise.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # [[m|en|even]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[etenim]]

+ * [[etiam]]

+ * [[etsī]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein calls ''et'' the most general copulative particle.^(Döderlein 1874) Both ''[[-que]]'' and ''et … et'' join opposites, ''-que'' simply as a pair (''terrā marīque''), ''et … et'' to stress the contrast (''et terrā et marī''), while ''[[atque]]'' and ''[[ac]]'' join near-synonyms.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}