qui Latin · revision 17720

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Old Latin, Forum cippus|origins=ine-pro *kʷos}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkʷiː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkʷiː]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''quī''' (feminine quae, neuter quod); relative pronoun^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*kʷoi]], [[inh|ine-pro|*kʷos]], the relative and indefinite stem, with a deictic particle ⟨-i⟩ added in the nominative.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) The older forms were [[m|la|quoi]] and [[m|la|quei]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) The Latin paradigm mixes forms of this stem with forms of the interrogative stem [[m|ine-pro|*kʷis]] (see [[quis]]): the accusative ⟨quem⟩, the plural ⟨quibus⟩ and the ablative ⟨quī⟩ belong to the latter.^(de Vaan 2008) The adverb meaning “how” is an old instrumental or ablative, from [[m|ine-pro|*kʷíh₁]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

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+ Cognate with [[osc|pod]] and [[xum|poi]], where /kʷ/ became /p/,^(de Vaan 2008) and with [[sa|कः|tr=káḥ]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The pronoun appears in the oldest Latin, on the cippus of the Roman Forum, as ''quoi'' (singular and plural) and ''quos''.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin ''quī, quae, quod'' is the [[m|en|relative pronoun]] “who, which, that”, and also an [[m|en|interrogative]] adjective “which? what kind of?”, contrasting with the substantival ''[[quis]]''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) After ''sī'', ''nisi'', ''num'' and ''nē'' it is indefinite, “any”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The adverb ''quī'' meant “how? by what means?” and, as a relative, “whereby”; in early Latin it introduced curses (''quī illum dī deaeque … perdant!'') and, after ''hercle'' or ''quippe'', strengthened a statement.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) By the Classical period it survived mainly in such fixed combinations as ''[[atquī]]'' and ''[[quīn]]''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – Used in the Twelve Tables.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses the adverb ''quī'' in a curse.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ''quī'' “at what price?”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # ''(relative)'' [[m|en|who]], which, that.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(interrogative adjective)'' Which? what? what kind of?^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(in exclamations)'' What a …!^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(indefinite, after sī, nisi, num, nē)'' Any.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # How? in what way? by what means? why?^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(relative)'' Whereby, with which; in order that.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(early Latin, in curses)'' Would that …!^(OLD 2012)

+ # Somehow, surely (after ''quippe'', ''ut'', ''hercle'', ''edepol'').^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[quā]]

+ * [[quō]]

+ * [[quam]]

+ * [[quālis]]

+ * [[quoque]]

+ * [[quasi]]

+ * [[quīcumque]]

+ * [[quīdam]]

+ * [[quīlibet]]

+ * [[quīvīs]]

+ * [[aliquī]]

+ * [[atquī]]

+ * [[quīn]]

+ * [[quārē]]

+ * [[quātenus]]

+ * [[quamdiū]]

+ * [[quōmodo]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hic]]

+ * [[is]]

+ * [[quisque]]

+ * [[alius]]

+ * [[cuiusmodī]]

+ * [[quis]]

+ * [[cuius]]

+ * [[cum]]

+ * [[en|who]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Lewis & Short note that the interrogative ''quī'' asks about a person's character, and ''quis'' usually about the name.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}