in Latin · revision 17719

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=7th–3rd century BC, Duenos inscription|origins=ine-pro *h₁én}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɪn]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈin]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''in''' (+ ablative)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*en]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₁én|t=in]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The oldest inscriptions write ⟨en⟩; the change of /en/ to /in/ is regular in unstressed position and before several consonants, and the form with /i/ was then generalized.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) The ablative construction continues the old locative and the accusative the directional use.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[osc|en]] and [[xum|-en]], [[grc|ἐν|tr=en]], [[sga|in-]], [[got|𐌹𐌽|tr=in]] and [[lt|į]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It appears in the oldest Latin as ''en'' (the Duenos inscription) and as ''in'' from the Twelve Tables on.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With the accusative it marks motion into or onto something, then a change of state, a purpose, a rate (''in diēs'' “from day to day”), feelings towards someone (“against, towards”), and a time (“for, until”).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) With the ablative it marks position in, on or among something, and time within which something happens.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Old poets also used the strengthened forms ''[[endo]]'' and ''indu''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ As a [[m|en|prefix]] it keeps its local meanings or adds intensive force (''increpō''); the negative prefix ''[[in-]]'' “un-” is a separate element.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 7th–3rd century BC – ''en'' on the Duenos inscription.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 450 BC – The form with ⟨i⟩ is used in the Twelve Tables.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has both cases, ''in manum'' “into the hand”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with accusative)'' [[m|en|into]], onto, to (a place, a group, a state).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' Towards, against (of feelings or hostile acts).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' For, until (a time); ''in diēs'', from day to day.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' For, with a view to (a purpose); per (a rate).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with ablative)'' In, on, at, among.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(with ablative)'' In, during, within (a time).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(with ablative)'' In the case of, in respect of.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[inceps]]

+ * [[intimus]]

+ * [[in-]]

+ * [[inter]]

+ * [[intrā]]

+ * [[intus]]

+ * [[intrō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[endo]]

+ * [[intestīnus]]

+ * [[en|in]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}