is Latin · revision 17716

18 Oct 2026, 18:19 by bogdan “Latin la10k: et, qui, in, non, hic, is, ego, cum, ille, quis”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *(h₁)i-}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɪs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈis]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''is''' (feminine ea, neuter id); demonstrative pronoun^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*is]], [[inh|ine-pro|*(h₁)i-|t=he, she, it]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The stem in /i/ survives in the nominative, in ⟨id⟩ and in the archaic accusative ⟨im⟩, ⟨em⟩, and the other forms were built on a stem ⟨ei-⟩, taken from the plural and the genitive singular.^(de Vaan 2008) The genitive ⟨eius⟩ (⟨eiius⟩) is hard to explain.^(de Vaan 2008)
+ 
+ Cognate with [[osc|izic]] and [[xum|erek]], [[got|𐌹𐍃|tr=is|t=he]] and [[lt|jis|t=he]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ It is found in the Twelve Tables (with the accusative ''im'' and ''em'') and in Livius Andronicus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ ''Is'' takes up a person or thing already mentioned (“he, she, it; this, that”) or announces a relative clause (''is quī'' “he who”).^(OLD 2012) It also expresses kind or degree (“such”, ''is … ut'' “such … that”), and its neuter ''id'' stands for a fact or statement.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ Old forms such as ''eiius'', ''eae'' and ''ibus'' survive in Plautus and Cato.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 450 BC – The accusatives ''im'' and ''em'' in the Twelve Tables.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has the genitive ''eiius'' and the dative ''ibus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 234–149 BC – Cato writes the dative and ablative feminine plural ''eābus''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Pronoun===
+ # [[m|en|he]], she, it;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''(plural)'' they (referring to someone already mentioned).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # ''(adjective)'' This, that (just mentioned).^(OLD 2012)
+ # The one, he (followed by a relative clause); ''id quod'', a thing which.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Of that kind or degree, such.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(neuter id)'' That fact, that statement.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''et is'', ''et id'', and that too.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[adeō]]
+ * [[eātenus]]
+ * [[eāpropter]]
+ * [[eōusque]]
+ * [[idcircō]]
+ * [[ideō]]
+ * [[anteā]]
+ * [[intereā]]
+ * [[posteā]]
+ * [[īdem]]
+ * [[eō]]
+ * [[eiusmodī]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[hic]]
+ * [[quisque]]
+ * [[alius]]
+ * [[cuiusmodī]]
+ * [[uter]]
+ * [[ille]]
+ 
+ ==Usage notes==
+ The Hebrew word for “man” that Jerome explains in his notes on Genesis, also written ''is'', is unrelated to the pronoun.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}