cum Latin · revision 17714
18 Oct 2026, 18:19 by bogdan “Latin la10k: et, qui, in, non, hic, is, ego, cum, ille, quis”
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+ Latin has two common words spelled ''cum'': the preposition “with”, an old ''com'', and the conjunction “when”, an old ''quom''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)
+
+ {{homograph|1|with}}
+
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *ḱom}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkũː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkum]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''cum''' (+ ablative)^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ The preposition is [[inh|itc-pro|*kom]], [[inh|ine-pro|*ḱom|t=with]], which took the instrumental case.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The older form [[m|la|com]] is found on the Garigliano bowl, and the same word is the prefix [[com-]] (⟨con-⟩, ⟨co-⟩).^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)
+
+ Cognate with [[osc|com]], [[xum|com]], [[sga|con-]] and [[cy|cyf-]];^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Germanic [[gem-pro|*ga-]] is also compared.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ It is found in the Twelve Tables and in Ennius, who says that Romulus lives in heaven “with the gods”.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ Its basic sense is company (“along with, together with”), then support (“on the side of”), command (“at the head of”), the things one has with one (“with, carrying”), manner (''cum cūrā'' “with care”), and time (''cum prīmā lūce'' “at first light”).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) With personal and relative pronouns it follows the pronoun as one word: ''[[mēcum]]'', ''[[tēcum]]'', ''quōcum''.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ Some inscriptions construe it with the accusative.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 450 BC – Used in the Twelve Tables.^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius writes that Romulus lives ''cum dīs genitālibus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''cum'' for those who live in someone's house.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Preposition===
+ # ''(with ablative)'' [[m|en|with]], along with, together with, in company with.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # On the side of, supporting.^(OLD 2012)
+ # At the head of (troops); under the command of.^(OLD 2012)
+ # With, having, complete with.^(OLD 2012)
+ # With (in comparisons, exchanges and fights).^(OLD 2012)
+ # At the same time as;^(OLD 2012) ''cum prīmā lūce'', at daybreak.^(OLD 2012)
+ # With (a manner or circumstance): ''cum cūrā'', carefully.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[com-]]
+ * [[mēcum]]
+ * [[tēcum]]
+ * [[sēcum]]
+ * [[nōbīscum]]
+ * [[vōbīscum]]
+ * [[contrā]]
+
+ {{homograph|2|when}}
+
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *kʷos}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkũː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkum]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''cum''' ^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ The conjunction is [[inh|itc-pro|*kʷom|t=when]], [[inh|ine-pro|*kʷom]], the accusative singular masculine of the relative stem [[m|ine-pro|*kʷos]] (see [[quī]]).^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It was written ⟨quom⟩ before the time of Cicero.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) The spelling ⟨quum⟩, found in many manuscripts and editions, is post-classical.^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ Cognate with [[xum|pumpe|t=whenever]], [[osc|pún|t=when]], [[prg|kan|t=when]] and [[got|𐍈𐌰𐌽|tr=ƕan|t=when]].^(de Vaan 2008)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ It appears in the Twelve Tables, in the form ''quom''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ First a conjunction of time (“when, whenever”), it came to express cause (“since, because”) and concession (“although”), mostly with the subjunctive.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ''Cum … tum'' means “both … and especially”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 450 BC – ''quom'' in the Twelve Tables.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero's manuscripts often keep the spelling ''quom''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Conjunction===
+ # ''(temporal)'' [[m|en|when]], whenever; while; after.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # ''(causal)'' [[m|en|since]], because.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # ''(concessive)'' Although, whereas.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # ''cum … tum'', both … and especially; not only … but also.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[quondam]]
+ * [[quoniam]]
+ * [[cumque]]
+ * [[umquam]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[tum]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}