trahir French · revision 17705

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion of Clermont|origins=la trādō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /tʁa.iʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''trahir'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|traïr]] (1080, ''Chanson de Roland''); ''trahir'' from the 15th century, with an ⟨h⟩ written only to separate the vowels.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It continues [[inh|la-vul|*trādiō]], a remaking of classical [[la|trādō|t=to hand over, deliver; to betray]] into a verb ending in ⟨-ir⟩, because the Latin verb did not pass easily into French.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi) The Latin verb is formed from [[m|la|trāns|t=across]] and [[m|la|dō|t=to give]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) [[traître]] is the French adaptation of the related Latin [[m|la|trāditor]].^(DHLF 1992) Cognate with [[it|tradire]], [[pro|traïr]], [[ca|trair]] and [[pt|trair]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Passion'' of Clermont (late 10th century) has ''Per que'm trades in to baisol?'', “Why do you betray me with your kiss?”, Christ's words to Judas.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The ''Chanson de Roland'' has ''Traït vos ad ki à guarder vos out'', “the one who was to guard you has betrayed you”.^(Littré 1873) In the 12th century it extended to deserting a loved one for another (''Énéas'', about 1130), to a thing failing someone (about 1175) and to acting against an ideal (late 12th century).^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) In the 16th century it meant breaking a pact (about 1550) and going over to the enemy (1559, Amyot); it took from Latin the sense “to give away a secret” (1580, Montaigne) and, with a thing as subject, “to reveal”.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Classical tragedy used it for failing someone's cause (1636) and for ingratitude (1640); ''trahir la confiance de quelqu'un'' dates from 1671, and “to be the sign of what was hidden” from 1690.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) ''Haute trahison'' (1677) is a calque of English ''high treason''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 10th century – ''Trades'' in the ''Passion'' of Clermont.^(TLFi)

+ * 1080 – ''Traïr'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1130 – Being unfaithful in love, in ''Énéas''.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 15th century – The spelling with ⟨h⟩.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1559 – “To go over to the enemy”, in Amyot.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1580 – “To give away (a secret)”, in Montaigne.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1636 – In Corneille.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1690 – “To be the sign of”, in Furetière.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|betray|alt=betray]], hand over or abandon someone to whom one owes loyalty: ''Judas trahit Jésus''; to go over to the enemy: ''trahir sa patrie''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ # To be unfaithful to someone: ''trahir un ami'', ''trahir sa promesse'', ''trahir la confiance de quelqu'un''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

+ # ''(of a thing)'' To fail someone.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To [[m|en|reveal|alt=reveal]], give away: ''trahir un secret'', ''(of a thing)'' to betray, be the sign of.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To go against, misrepresent: ''trahir la vérité'', ''trahir ses sentiments''.^(Littré 1873)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Se trahir'': to give oneself away: ''le menteur finit par se trahir''.^(Le Robert)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[trahison]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[traître]]

+ * [[tradition]]

+ * [[la|trādō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}