établir French · revision 17693

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland|origins=la stō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /e.ta.bliʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''établir'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|establir]]; the modern spelling prevails only after 1636.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|establir]], [[inh|la|stabiliō|t=to make firm, support, prop up]].^(TLFi)^(FEW|12, 218a)^(DHLF 1992) The Latin verb is derived from [[m|la|stabilis|t=firm, steady]], properly “able to stand upright”, which gave the adjective [[stable]], and goes back to [[m|la|stō|t=to stand]], from an Indo-European root meaning “to stand”.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Littré instead posited an unattested Latin [[m|la|*stabilescō]], on the model of the Spanish verb.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ Cognate with [[pro|establir]], [[es|establecer]] and [[it|stabilire]].^(Littré 1873)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) it means to draw up or form troops into battalions: ''Naimes li dux puis establist la quarte''.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the military sense of setting something firmly in place, the verb came to mean “to found, fix”.^(DHLF 1992) About 1155 Wace uses it for fixing something durably by law, and it was soon said of peace and liberty (about 1175) and of setting a date (about 1155); after 1250 it also meant “to decide”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The Petit Robert dates to about 1300 the sense of settling people somewhere, now dated.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ Later senses include setting up one's residence (1538), proving a fact by argument (1656, Pascal), and settling a child by marriage or a position (1680, Richelet).^(GLLF 1989) The past participle used as a noun gave ''établi'', a workbench (1390), and the verb formed [[établissement]] (1155) and [[rétablir]] (about 1120).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – ''Establir'' in the ''Chanson de Roland'', of forming troops.^(TLFi)

+ * 1155 – Wace uses it for fixing something by law.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1175 – Said of establishing peace or liberty.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1390 – The derived noun ''établi'', a workbench.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi)

+ * 1538 – Robert Estienne records the sense of fixing one's residence.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1636 – The spelling ''établir'' is recorded by Monet.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1656 – Pascal uses it for proving a fact.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1680 – Richelet records the sense of settling a child in life.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To set or install something firmly in a place: ''établir une usine dans une ville'', ''établir un camp''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # To [[m|en|found]], set up (an institution, a business, a government).^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To institute durably (a rule, a custom, a doctrine).^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|prove]], demonstrate (a fact, a responsibility).^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To draw up (a document, a bill, a list).^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(sports)'' To set (a record).^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(dated)'' To settle (a child) in life by marriage or a position.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''S'établir'': to settle somewhere, or to set up in business.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[établissement]]

+ * [[établi]]

+ * [[préétablir]]

+ * [[rétablir]]

+ * [[rétablissement]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stable]]

+ * [[étable]]

+ * [[la|stabiliō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}