lier French · revision 17686

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=second half of the 10th century, Vie de saint Léger|origins=la ligō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /lje/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /li.e/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lier'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|lïer]], with regular forms [[m|fro|leier]] and [[m|fro|loier]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|lïer]], [[inh|la|ligō|t=to tie, bind, bandage, fasten, unite]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(FEW|5, 319a)^(Grand Robert 2005) The regular outcomes of the Latin forms were [[m|fro|leier]] and [[m|fro|loier]], with a stressed stem [[m|fro|loie]], which survive in many north-eastern dialects.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The vowel ⟨i⟩ is analogical: after alternations such as [[m|fro|neier]] / [[m|fro|nie]], speakers said ⟨lie⟩ for ⟨loie⟩, and the ⟨i⟩ then spread through the whole conjugation.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Another hypothesis posits an unattested Latin form with long ⟨ī⟩, which Old Occitan, Catalan and Portuguese might also require.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Cognate with [[ro|lega]], [[it|legare]], [[pro|liar]], [[ca|lligar]], [[es|ligar]] and [[pt|ligar]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(REW 1935) Without forming a true Indo-European family, the Latin verb is compared with an Albanian verb and with [[non|lítr|alt=lite]] “rope”.^(DHLF 1992) Wiktionary traces it to [[ine-pro|*leyǵ-|t=to bind]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Vie de saint Léger'' (second half of the 10th century) Ebroin has the saint seized and bound: ''lïer lo fist''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) In the ''Chanson de Roland'' Ganelon's hands and feet are tied: ''Puis si li lient e les piez e les mains''.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Most senses are recorded before the end of the 13th century: to tie someone to something (about 1130), to join different things with a bond (about 1150), to close with a tie (late 13th century).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Figuratively it appears in a biblical context (1174) for refusing absolution, the power ''de lier et deslier les pecheeurs'', and it was used for creating an emotional or moral tie (1160–74), a legal obligation (1283), and for hindering or subjecting someone (about 1200).^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ In cooking ''lier'' a sauce or soup, to thicken it, is in the ''Ménagier de Paris'' (about 1393); in writing ''lier ses lettres'' is recorded in 1690, and in music ''lier les notes'' in 1771.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007) ''Fou à lier'', “raving mad”, goes back to Racine (1668).^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi) Derivatives include [[liasse]] (about 1170), [[liaison]] (13th century), [[délier]] and [[relier]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Second half of the 10th century – ''Lïer'' in the ''Vie de saint Léger''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – Ganelon is bound in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1150 – ''Tonneaus loier'' in the ''Charroi de Nîmes''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1174 – The biblical binding and loosing of sins.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1283 – A legal obligation, in Beaumanoir.^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+ * c. 1393 – Thickening a sauce, in the ''Ménagier de Paris''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1668 – ''Fou à lier'' in Racine's ''Plaideurs''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1690 – Furetière records ''lier ses lettres''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|tie]] or bind together with a cord or band: ''lier de la paille en bottes''; to tie up (a person).^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # To join, connect: ''lier ses lettres'' in handwriting, ''lier les mots'' in speech, with a [[liaison]].^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(music)'' To play notes [[legato]].^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(cooking)'' To [[m|en|thicken]] (a sauce) with an ingredient.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|link]], connect (ideas, facts).^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # To bind by an obligation, a promise or a contract.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # To unite by a feeling or common interest, ''se lier d'amitié'', to become friends.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Fou à lier'': raving mad, ''avoir les mains liées'': to be powerless to act.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[liaison]]

+ * [[licol]]

+ * [[lieur]]

+ * [[délier]]

+ * [[relier]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[liement]]

+ * [[lien]]

+ * [[ligament]]

+ * [[ligature]]

+ * [[obliger]]

+ * [[ligue]]

+ * [[allier]]

+ * [[la|ligō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}