gardien French · revision 17671

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1255|origins=frk *wardōn}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɡaʁ.djɛ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gardien''' ''m'' (plural gardiens, feminine gardienne)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|gardenc]], [[m|fro|guardenc]] (12th century), [[m|fro|gardein]] (about 1138), ''gardiain'' (1264).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It continues Old French [[m|fro|gardenc]], formed from the stem of [[garder]] with the suffix ⟨-enc⟩ of Germanic origin; the ending was later replaced by ⟨-ien⟩, after the many words with that ending.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Wiktionary compares the similarly formed [[it|guardingo]] and notes that [[la-med|guardianus]], recorded in 1174, may have influenced the change.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi) The verb goes back to [[frk|*wardōn|t=to watch over]], compare [[de|warten|t=to wait, tend]] and [[en|ward]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|17, 518a)

+

+ Cognate with [[pro|gardian]], [[ca|guardià]], [[es|guardián]] and [[it|guardiano]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Bloch and Wartburg date the form ''gardien'' to 1255; in 1264 ''gardiain'' names a person in charge of guarding a person, a place or a building.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ About 1270 the ''Couronnement de Renart'' uses it for the superior of a convent, a use proper to the Franciscans, as with Old Occitan ''gardian''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) Molière (1656) has the figurative sense of a protector or keeper of something, as in ''gardien des traditions''.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ Later uses include the employee in charge of public places and monuments (1865, Littré), ''gardien de la paix'', a police officer (1872), and, in the early 20th century, ''gardien de but'', a goalkeeper.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary) In North American French ''gardien'' or ''gardienne'' is also a babysitter.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1174 – Medieval Latin ''guardianus''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1255 – ''Gardien''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1264 – ''Gardiain'', a keeper of a place.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1270 – The superior of a Franciscan convent.^(TLFi)

+ * 1656 – Molière: a protector, keeper.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1872 – ''Gardien de la paix''.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|guard]], [[m|en|keeper]] or [[m|en|warden]]: ''gardien de prison'', ''gardien de musée'', ''gardien de nuit''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|caretaker]] of a building, a concierge: ''gardien d'immeuble''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # A protector or [[m|en|guardian]] of something: ''gardien des traditions'', ''ange gardien'', guardian angel.^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Gardien de la paix'': a police officer, ''gardien de but'': a [[m|en|goalkeeper]].^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # The superior of a Franciscan convent.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(North America)'' A [[m|en|babysitter]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[garde]]

+ * [[garder]]

+ * [[gardiennage]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}