jaloux French · revision 17664

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1160, Roman d'Eneas|origins=grc ζῆλος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʒa.lu/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jaloux''' (feminine jalouse, masculine plural jaloux, feminine plural jalouses)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|gelos]] (about 1160), [[m|fro|gelus]] (about 1170), [[m|fro|jalos]] (about 1175), [[m|fro|jalous]] (early 13th century); ''jaloux'' from 1487.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The word has a complex history.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) It goes back to [[la-lat|zēlōsus|t=full of love and care]], recorded in the 5th or 6th century, derived from [[m|la-lat|zēlus|t=zeal; emulation, jealousy]], the source of [[zèle]], from [[grc|ζῆλος|tr=zêlos|t=eagerness, ardour, rivalry, envy]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(FEW|14, 658a) The Greek noun is connected with [[m|grc|ζητέω|tr=zētéō|t=to seek]], a verb of obscure origin.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ To explain the ending, instead of the expected ⟨-eux⟩, Bloch and Wartburg and the REW see the French word as a borrowing, [[bor|pro|gelos|t=jealous]], used in the love poetry of the troubadours from about 1140; like [[amour]], it would have passed into French through the lyric poetry of the north.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(REW 1935)^(DHLF 1992) Wartburg went further and traced the Latin form directly to the Greek noun, carried into the Latin of Narbonensis; the DHLF notes that the variety and age of the French senses argue against too simple an account.^(DHLF 1992) The Grand Robert gives the Occitan route as possible, and Wiktionary as the current view.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[it|geloso]], [[es|celoso]] and [[pt|zeloso]].^(REW 1935)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Roman d'Eneas'' (about 1160) ''gelos de'' means eagerly desiring something, and ''jalos'' fiercely attached to keeping a possession or advantage.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ About 1170, in Marie de France's ''Lais'', ''gelus'' describes someone who is exclusive in love and admits no sharing, as an adjective and as a noun, the jealous husband.^(TLFi) In the 13th century the Bible speaks of ''Dieu fort et jaloux'', adapting Church Latin ''Deus zelotes''; in the second half of that century the word also means envious.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ''Jaloux de'' with a noun or infinitive, “very attached to, anxious to”, as in ''jaloux de sa liberté'', is now dated or literary;^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi) ''avec un soin jaloux'' means with particular vigilance.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi) Rabelais (1546) has ''jaloux comme un tigre''.^(GLLF 1989) The derivatives are [[jalouser]] (about 1300) and [[jalousie]] (about 1220), which since 1549 also names a lattice blind, probably after [[it|gelosia]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1140 – Old Occitan ''gelos'' in troubadour poetry.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1160 – ''Gelos'' and ''jalos'' in the ''Roman d'Eneas''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1170 – Jealous in love, in Marie de France.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1220 – ''Jalousie''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 13th century – ''Dieu fort et jaloux''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1487 – The spelling ''jaloux''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1546 – ''Jaloux comme un tigre'' in Rabelais.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|jealous|alt=Jealous]] in love, fearing or resenting a rival: ''un mari jaloux''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|envious|alt=Envious]] of another's advantages or success.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(dated or literary)'' ''Jaloux de'': very attached to, protective of: ''jaloux de sa réputation, de son indépendance''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Avec un soin jaloux'': with watchful care.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A jealous person.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jalouser]]

+ * [[jalousie]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[zèle]]

+ * [[grc|ζῆλος|tr=zêlos]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}