total French · revision 17652

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1370, Oresme|origins=la tōtus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /tɔ.tal/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /to.tal/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''total''' (feminine totale, masculine plural totaux, feminine plural totales)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la-med|tōtālis]], recorded from the 12th century in England, derived from Latin [[m|la|tōtus|t=whole, entire]], the source of [[tout]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|13/2, 127b) The adverb [[m|la-lat|tōtāliter]] is attested as early as the 4th century, which led Littré to posit the Latin adjective.^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Oresme (1370) uses it for what is complete, lacking nothing: ''une injustice especial, qui est partie de tele injustice total''.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In 1398 ''somme toutalle'' shows the sense “taking in all the parts”.^(TLFi) The noun named a whole made of several things (Amyot, 1559), a sense now lost, and, from 1723 (Savary) the sum obtained by adding numbers; in the 16th century ''totage'' was used instead.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) ''Au total'' (1788) became figurative for “all things considered” (1805), and in very familiar use ''total'' alone at the head of a clause means “and the result is” (1832–36).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ''Guerre totale'' appears in 1924.^(TLFi) In familiar 20th-century use ''la totale'' is a hysterectomy, and also “the works”.^(DHLF 1992) Derivatives include [[totalement]] (1361), [[totalité]] (1375), [[totaliser]] (1829) and [[totalitaire]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1361 – ''Totalement'' in Oresme.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1370 – ''Total'' in Oresme.^(TLFi)

+ * 1398 – ''Somme toutalle''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1559 – The noun, in Amyot.^(TLFi)

+ * 1723 – Savary: the sum of an addition.^(TLFi)

+ * 1788 – ''Au total''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1924 – ''Guerre totale''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Complete, [[m|en|absolute]], with nothing lacking: ''une confiance totale'', ''un silence total''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Affecting all the parts: ''destruction totale'', ''éclipse totale'', ''guerre totale''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # Taken as a whole: ''la somme totale'', ''la hauteur totale''.^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|total]], the sum obtained by addition: ''faire le total''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Au total'': all in all, on the whole.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(familiar)'' ''La totale'': a hysterectomy; the works, everything.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(familiar)'' As a result, in the end.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[totaliser]]

+ * [[totalisateur]]

+ * [[totalité]]

+ * [[totalitaire]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tout]]

+ * [[la|tōtus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}