violent French · revision 17630

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1213, Faits des Romains|origins=la vīs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /vjɔ.lɑ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''violent''' (feminine violente, masculine plural violents, feminine plural violentes)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|violentus|t=vehement, impetuous; violent]], derived, like [[m|la|violō|t=to violate]], from [[m|la|vīs|t=force, strength; violence]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|14, 487a) Wiktionary treats the Old French adjective as already borrowed.^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[pro|violent]], [[es|violento]] and [[it|violento]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Faits des Romains'' (about 1213) use it for an impetuous person who acts or speaks without restraint.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In 1314 the surgeon Henri de Mondeville speaks of ''medecines corrosives et violentes'', having an intense power of action; the sense was extended to winds (1601), to impressions on the senses (Ronsard, 1564, Montaigne, 1588) and to death by accident or murder, ''morts violentes'' (Ronsard, 1555).^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873) Ronsard (1563) uses it for efforts requiring force.^(TLFi) In familiar use since Molière (1671) it means excessive, as of a price.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) The noun use, ''un violent'', is found in Guez de Balzac (1631).^(TLFi) The verb [[violenter]] dates from the 14th century and [[violence]] from 1215.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1213 – In the ''Faits des Romains''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1314 – Mondeville: of strong remedies.^(TLFi)

+ * 1555 – Ronsard: ''morts violentes''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1588 – Montaigne: ''impressions violentes''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1631 – The noun, in Guez de Balzac.^(TLFi)

+ * 1671 – Molière: “excessive”.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of a person, [[m|en|violent|alt=violent]], quick to use force; hot-tempered: ''un caractère violent''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Marked by brutality or force: ''une révolution violente'', ''mort violente'', death by accident or murder.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # Very strong, intense, [[m|en|severe]]: ''des vents violents'', ''une douleur violente''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Requiring great force or effort: ''un effort violent''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(familiar)'' Excessive.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A violent person.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[violenter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[violence]]

+ * [[violer]]

+ * [[la|violentus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}