viande French · revision 17548

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1050, Vie de saint Alexis|origins=la vīvō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /vjɑ̃d/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''viande''' ''f'' (plural viandes)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|viande]], [[inh|la-lat|vivanda|t=provisions, food]], recorded in a capitulary of Charlemagne (803), with the inner /v/ lost by dissimilation.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|14, 575b) The Late Latin word is an alteration, by a change of suffix, of popular Latin [[m|la-vul|*vīvenda|t=things needed to live]], the neuter plural used as a noun of the gerundive of [[m|la|vīvō|t=to live]] (see [[vivre]]).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

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+ Compare [[it|vivanda]] and [[es|vianda]], which keep the old sense “food”, and English [[m|en|viand]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Vie de saint Alexis'' (about 1050) it means any food that keeps one alive, the only sense of the word in Old French.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The general sense “food” was dominant until the classical period: Madame de Sévigné lists a stew, a cucumber salad and walnuts among ''autres sortes de viandes''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) ''Viandes de quaresme'' (Rabelais, 1564) were Lenten foods such as salt fish and dried fruit, and ''viande creuse'' (1646) was food with little substance, figuratively vain hopes.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

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+ The narrower sense “flesh of animals eaten as food” appears in Philippe de Mézières (about 1389, ''grosses viandes'') and became the usual one in the 17th century, replacing [[chair]] in this use.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The Académie distinguished ''viande blanche'' and ''viande noire'' in 1718.^(TLFi) In familiar French ''viande'' has meant the human body, as in ''montrer sa viande'' (1690, 1808), and soldiers' slang has ''sac à viande'' for a shirt (1888) and a sleeping bag (1908).^(TLFi)^(BHVF)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1050 – “Food”, in the ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1389 – ''Grosses viandes'', meat, in Philippe de Mézières.^(TLFi)

+ * 1564 – ''Viandes de quaresme'', in Rabelais.^(TLFi)

+ * 1646 – ''Viande creuse''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1690 – ''Menue viande'', poultry and game, in Furetière.^(TLFi)

+ * 1718 – ''Viande blanche'', ''viande noire''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1888 – ''Sac à viande'', a shirt.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|meat|alt=Meat]], the flesh of mammals and birds used as food: ''viande de bœuf'', ''viande hachée'', ''viande rouge'', ''viande blanche''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''(obsolete)'' Food in general, ''viande creuse'', unsatisfying food, empty hopes.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''(slang)'' The human body: ''montrer sa viande''.^(BHVF)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[viander]]

+ * [[viandis]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vivre]]

+ * [[vivandier]]

+ * [[en|viand]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}