crâne French · revision 17544

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1314, Henri de Mondeville|origins=grc κρανίον}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kʁan/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /kʁɑn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''crâne''' ''m'' (plural crânes)^(Wiktionary)

+ First ''cran'' (1314), then ''crane'' (about 1370); the Académie wrote ''crane'' in 1694 and 1718, ''crâne'' from 1740.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la-med|crānium|t=skull]], from [[grc|κρανίον|tr=kraníon|t=skull; head]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|2, 1274a) Rey relates the Greek word to a root for the top of the body, the head or a horn, also seen in [[grc|κέρας|tr=kéras|t=horn]] and [[m|la|cornū|t=horn]]; [[m|la|cerebrum|t=brain]] belongs to it too.^(DHLF 1992) Classical Latin [[m|la|calvāria]] “skull” gave [[calvaire]], and Old French used [[m|fro|test]] for the skull.^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The French translation of Henri de Mondeville's ''Chirurgie'' (about 1314) has ''cran'' for the skeleton of the head;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Guy de Chauliac's ''Grande Chirurgie'' (about 1370) has ''crane''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word also names the top of the head, and by metonymy the brain as the seat of intelligence: Retz (before 1679) has ''crâne étroit'' for a feeble mind, and the 20th century ''bourrage de crâne'', brainwashing.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ As a noun (Vadé, 1757) and adjective (1784–1787), familiar ''crâne'' meant “bold, swaggering”, probably from the way such people hold their heads up; it has given [[crâner]] “to show off” (1845) and [[crâneur]] (1862).^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992)^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1314 – ''Cran'', in Mondeville's ''Chirurgie''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1370 – ''Crane'', in Guy de Chauliac.^(TLFi)

+ * Before 1679 – ''Crâne étroit'', in Retz.^(TLFi)

+ * 1740 – The Académie spells it ''crâne''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1757 – ''Un crâne'', a bold fellow, in Vadé.^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1824 – The derivative ''crânien''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1845 – ''Crâner''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|skull|alt=skull]], [[m|en|cranium]]: ''les os du crâne'', ''fracture du crâne''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # The head, the top of the head: ''un crâne chauve'', ''avoir mal au crâne''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''(familiar)'' The mind, brains: ''mets-toi bien cette idée dans le crâne'', ''bourrer le crâne à quelqu'un'', to brainwash someone.^(Larousse)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(dated)'' Bold, brave; swaggering: ''un air crâne''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[crânien]]

+ * [[crâner]]

+ * [[crâneur]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cerveau]]

+ * [[migraine]]

+ * [[grc|κρανίον|tr=kraníon]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}