survivre French · revision 17529

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland|origins=la vīvō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /syʁ.vivʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''survivre'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French also [[m|fro|sorvivre]], [[m|fro|sourvivre]], from the 12th to the 15th century.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|fr|sur-|vivre]], compare [[la|supervīvō|t=to outlive]].^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(FEW|14, 579a) Wiktionary takes it as inherited from the Latin verb.^(Wiktionary) Compare [[es|sobrevivir]], [[pt|sobreviver]] and [[it|sopravvivere]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) says of the old emir that he ''tut survesquiet e Virgilie e Omer'', outlived both Virgil and Homer.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Wace has ''sorvivre'' (1160–1174), and the present participle used as a noun, ''sourvivant'', a survivor, is from 1290.^(TLFi) The direct object construction, ''survivre quelqu'un'' (Madame de La Fayette), became rare after the 18th century;^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007) ''survivre à'' is recorded by Robert Estienne in 1538.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007) Montaigne (1580) uses it for living on after a loss, as in ''survivre à cette perte'', and of things that last after the death of their author (Magny, 1559).^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)^(BHVF)

+

+ The Académie gave ''survivre à soi-même'', to lose one's faculties before death, in 1694, and ''se survivre'' in 1718.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – ''Survesquiet'', in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1160–1174 – ''Sorvivre'', in Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * 1290 – ''Sourvivant'', a survivor.^(TLFi)

+ * 1538 – ''Survivre à'', in Robert Estienne.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ * 1559 – Of a work outlasting its author, in Magny.^(BHVF)

+ * 1580 – “To live on after a loss”, in Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1718 – ''Se survivre''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''Survivre à'': to [[m|en|outlive]] (someone): ''il a survécu à tous les siens''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Survivre à'': to [[m|en|survive]] (an accident, a disaster); ''(absolute)'' to stay alive.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # Of things, to last longer than: ''l'œuvre d'art survit à l'artiste''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Se survivre'': to live on (in one's children or works); to outlive one's powers.^(Le Robert)^(Littré 1873)

+ # ''(dated, transitive)'' ''Survivre quelqu'un'': to outlive someone.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[survie]]

+ * [[survivant]]

+ * [[survivance]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vivre]]

+ * [[la|supervīvō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}