pendant French · revision 17478

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1138, Geffrei Gaimar (adjective); 1278 (preposition)|origins=la pendeō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /pɑ̃.dɑ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pendant'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the present participle of [[pendre]], used as an adjective, noun and preposition.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) The preposition comes from the participle in the legal sense “pending, undecided”: Old French phrases such as “le plait pendant” “the case being pending” became “pendant le plait” when the participle was moved before the noun.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) They were modelled on Late Latin ablative absolutes such as “lite pendente” and “judicio pendente”, from [[m|la|pendeō|t=to hang; to be undecided]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ The adverb [[cependant]] comes from the related phrase “ce pendant” “this being pending”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The adjective ''pendant'' “hanging” is found about 1138 in Geffrei Gaimar, and the noun ''pendanz'', cords for fastening a cloak, at the end of the 11th century.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) The preposition appears in 1278, in legal phrases about a pending case.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old French the preposition was tied to legal terms, then used with words such as ''année'', ''jour'', ''terme'' for a time limit within which a legal act had to happen.^(DHLF 1992) In 1321 it introduced a period (''pendant trois années accomplies''), and, from 1432 it meant simply “during”.^(DHLF 1992) ''Pendant que'' “while” comes from ''ce temps pendant que'' (1328–42) through ''ce pendant que'' (late 14th century) and is found in 1422, Montaigne gave it shades of cause (1580) and contrast (1588).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ As a noun, ''pendant'' named a sword belt (about 1260), earrings (''pendans'', 1346, ''pendant d'oreille'', 1575), and, from 1690, one of a matched pair of pictures, whence ''faire pendant à'' “to match” (1763) and figuratively a person or thing like another (Voltaire, 1776).^(TLFi)^(BHVF) The adjective also means “pending” of a lawsuit or question (about 1265).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 11th century – ''Pendanz'', cords for fastening a garment.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * c. 1138 – The adjective “hanging” in Gaimar.^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * c. 1265 – ''Pendant'' “undecided”, in Brunetto Latini.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1278 – The preposition, in legal phrases.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1346 – ''Pendans'', earrings.^(TLFi)

+ * 1422 – ''Pendant que''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1432 – The preposition in the sense “during”.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1690 – ''Pendants'', a pair of matching pictures.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|during]], throughout: ''pendant l'hiver'', ''pendant trois jours''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''Pendant que'': [[m|en|while]]; also whereas: ''pendant que vous y êtes''.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(adverb)'' During that time: ''avant, pendant et après''.^(Larousse)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Hanging: ''les bras pendants''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Le Robert)

+ # Pending, unresolved: ''une affaire pendante''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Le Robert)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''Pendants d'oreilles'': [[m|en|earrings]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A counterpart, match: ''faire pendant à''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pendre]]

+ * [[cependant]]

+ * [[pente]]

+ * [[en|pendant]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}