famille French · revision 17453

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1337, Livre Roisin|origins=la famulus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /fa.mij/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''famille''' ''f'' (plural familles)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|familia|t=household; family]], taken over fairly late (1337); the Latin word is derived from [[m|la|famulus|t=servant]], an Italic word isolated in Indo-European.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|3, 408a) The Roman “familia” was at first all the “famuli”, the slaves of a house, then everyone living under one roof, masters and servants, under the authority of the “pater familias”; only then did it apply to kinsfolk, and in 8th-century Medieval Latin it named a household of serfs.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Littré's derivation of “famulus” from an Oscan word for “house” and a Sanskrit root is not taken up by the modern dictionaries.^(Littré 1873)

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+ Cognate with [[it|famiglia]], [[oc|familha]] and [[es|familia]].^(Littré 1873)^(REW 1935)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in 1337, in the ''Livre Roisin'' of Lille, meaning the people living under one roof.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word took time to win out over the Old French terms [[parenté]], [[lignée]] and ''mesnie'', the feudal household.^(DHLF 1992) Before the 16th century it meant the people of a house, often the servants alone; the idea of close kinship appears in 1580 (Bernard Palissy's ''bon père de famille''), and only in the 18th and 19th centuries did the word join kinship with living together.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) It named a line of descent in 1611 (Cotgrave) and a group sharing common features in 1658, as in Guez de Balzac's “family” of Plato's followers.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

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+ As a term of natural history it dates from 1676, in Pierre Magnol's botany of Montpellier.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) Modern phrases include ''famille monoparentale'' and ''famille recomposée'', ''des familles'' after a noun is a homely, familiar touch (''un petit gueuleton des familles''), and in Belgium ''attendre famille'' means to be expecting a child.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1337 – The people living under one roof, in the ''Livre Roisin''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1355 – Bersuire uses it of a lineage.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1580 – ''Père de famille'', of kinsfolk, in Bernard Palissy.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1611 – Cotgrave records it for a line of descent.^(TLFi)

+ * 1658 – A group sharing common features, in Guez de Balzac.^(TLFi)

+ * 1676 – Magnol's ''Botanicum monspelliense'' uses it as a term of botany.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1865 – The adjective ''familial''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The parents and their children living together: ''fonder une famille''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # All the people related by blood or [[m|en|marriage]]: ''un repas de famille''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A line of descent, a [[m|en|lineage]]: ''une famille noble''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # A group of people or things sharing common features: ''une famille d'esprits'', ''famille de mots''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(biology)'' A [[m|en|taxonomic]] rank between order and genus.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(obsolete)'' The whole household, servants included.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sous-famille]]

+ * [[familial]]

+ * [[familiariser]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[familier]]

+ * [[la|familia]]

+ * [[en|family]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}