tourner French · revision 17428

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Vie de saint Léger|origins=grc τόρνος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /tuʁ.ne/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tourner'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|torner]] (about 980), ''turner'', ''tourner'' from the 12th century.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|torner]], [[inh|la|tornō|t=to shape on a lathe; to round off]], derived from [[m|la|tornus|t=lathe]] (see [[tour]]), borrowed from [[grc|τόρνος|tr=tórnos|t=lathe; compasses]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(FEW|13/2, 46b) Cicero already used the Latin verb figuratively, and “male tornati” could describe badly turned verses.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The word, found in all Romance languages, displaced the classical verbs [[m|la|vertō|t=to turn]] and [[m|la|torqueō|t=to twist]].^(DHLF 1992) The Petit Robert relates the Greek word to an Indo-European root meaning “to rub, wear away”, seen in [[la|terō|t=to rub]].^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|tornare]], [[oc|tornar]], [[ca|tornar]] and [[es|tornar]]; [[ro|turna]] means “to pour”.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in the second half of the 10th century in the ''Vie de saint Léger'', in the reflexive ''se torner'' “to turn towards”, and in the ''Passion'' of Clermont, ''envers Jesúm sos olz torned'' “he turned his eyes towards Jesus”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old French already had a wide range of transitive, intransitive and reflexive uses, without sharp boundaries; it often meant “to go back, return” and “to go, head for”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) ''Tourner le dos'' “to flee” is in the ''Chanson de Roland'', and ''tourner les talons'' appears about 1220.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) The wind turns in Wace (1160–1174), and Chrétien de Troyes turns his path to the right (1176–1181).^(TLFi)

+

+ From the craft sense of the Latin verb came ''tourner'' “to shape on a lathe”, and, from the figurative sense, “to put into words”, as in ''bien tourner une phrase''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Later senses include “to go sour” of milk, ''tourner un film'' and ''tourner mal'' “to go wrong”.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989) Many derivatives were formed on the verb: ''tour'' “turn”, ''tournée'' (1220), ''tournant'' (1272), ''tournure'' and ''détourner'' (about 1080); [[retourner]] is in the Strasbourg Oaths (842).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 842 – ''Returnar'' in the Strasbourg Oaths.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 2nd half of the 10th century – ''Se torner'' in the ''Vie de saint Léger''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Lur les dos turnez'' “they turned their backs”, in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1160–1174 – ''Li venz turna'', in Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1220 – ''Tourner les talons''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1272 – ''Tournant''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1694 – ''Tourner le dos à un lieu''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|turn]], rotate; to turn around: ''la Terre tourne'', ''tourner la clé''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To change direction: ''tournez à gauche''; to turn one's back, head or eyes.^(TLFi)

+ # To shape on a [[m|en|lathe]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To put into words: ''bien tourner une phrase''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To shoot a [[m|en|film]]; to act in a film.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To turn out, develop: ''tourner bien'', ''tourner mal''; of milk, to go sour.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Se tourner vers'': to turn towards; to turn to someone.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[détourner]]

+ * [[retourner]]

+ * [[tournage]]

+ * [[tournée]]

+ * [[tourniquet]]

+ * [[tournure]]

+ * [[tour]]

+ * [[demi-tour]]

+ * [[tournant]]

+ * [[tourneur]]

+ * [[tournoyer]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[contourner]]

+ * [[la|tornō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}