sang French · revision 17409

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont|origins=la sanguis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /sɑ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /sɑ̃.k‿/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sang''' ''m'' (plural sangs)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|sanc]] (1080).^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|sanc]], [[inh|la|sanguen]], a neuter form, common in classical Latin, of [[m|la|sanguis|t=blood]], through the popular accusative “sanguem”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(FEW|11, 170a)^(Wiktionary) Latin “sanguis” was flowing blood, as opposed to [[m|la|cruor|t=shed, clotted blood]] (see [[cruel]]); it also meant kinship and descent, and figuratively vital force.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) The word is of obscure origin, like its Greek and Welsh equivalents [[grc|αἷμα|tr=haîma]] and [[cy|gwaed]], Wiktionary traces it to the oblique stem of [[ine-pro|*h₁ésh₂r̥|t=blood]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|sangue]], [[oc|sang]], [[ca|sang]], [[es|sangre]], [[pt|sangue]] and [[ro|sânge]].^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found at the end of the 10th century in the ''Passion'' of Clermont, meaning the red liquid that keeps the body alive; about 1050 the ''Vie de saint Alexis'' speaks of the ''sanc precïus'' shed by Christ.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the ''Chanson de Roland'' blood stands for violent death, and the Oxford Psalter (first half of the 12th century) has ''humes de sancs'' “men of blood”, ''se baigner dans le sang'' (1574), ''mettre en sang'' (1636) and ''se battre au premier sang'' (1694) followed.^(TLFi) From about 1165 the word expressed states of mind thought to depend on the blood, whence ''avoir le sang chaud'' (1636) and ''se faire du mauvais sang'' (1766); ''bon sang ne peut faillir'' (about 1330) became ''bon sang ne saurait mentir''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ As in Latin, ''sang'' meant kinship, family and descent, by the old belief, made obsolete by the science of the 19th century, that blood carries inherited and racial features: ''la voix du sang'', ''prince du sang'', ''la force du sang'' (1690).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Technical uses include ''sang artériel'' and ''sang veineux'' (1520), ''animaux à sang chaud'' and ''à sang froid'' (1781) and, in cooking, ''lièvre au sang'' (1740).^(TLFi) The compound ''sang-froid'' dates from 1569, after ''froit sang'' (1395).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 10th century – ''Sang'' in the ''Passion'' of Clermont.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1050 – Christ's precious blood, in the ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – Blood as violent death, in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1395 – ''Froit sang'', ''sang-froid'' 1569.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1520 – ''Sang arterial'', ''sang veynal''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1740 – ''Lièvre au sang''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1781 – ''Animaux à sang chaud, à sang froid''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1842 – ''Pur-sang''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|blood]]: ''perdre du sang'', ''donner son sang''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # Bloodshed, violent death: ''verser le sang'', ''à feu et à sang''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # Life, vital force; temper: ''avoir le sang chaud'', ''se faire du mauvais sang'', to worry.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # Kinship, family, descent: ''les liens du sang'', ''prince du sang''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[pur-sang]]

+ * [[sang-froid]]

+ * [[sanglant]]

+ * [[saigner]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sanguin]]

+ * [[consanguin]]

+ * [[exsangue]]

+ * [[la|sanguis]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}