rappeler French · revision 17401

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland (rapeler)}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʁa.ple/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rappeler'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|rapeler]]; the Académie wrote ''rappeller'' in 1694 and 1718, ''rappeler'' from 1740.^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|fr|re-|appeler]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|25, 30a) “Appeler” is inherited from [[la|appellō|t=to address, call]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The noun [[rappel]] is derived from it (1260).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found in the ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) meaning “to make someone come back by calling”: ''qui ques rapelt, ja nen retorneront''.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 12th century it was used of God calling someone to Him, that is, letting them die (''Dieu l'a rappelé''), and of calling a person again (about 1170, Chrétien de Troyes); about 1245 it meant recalling an exile.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007) Later uses include ''rappeler à la vie'' (Racine, 1670), recalling troops (1802) and an ambassador (1854), and calling an actor back on stage (1839).^(TLFi)^(BHVF)

+

+ The sense “to bring back to memory” is found once in the 13th century and again from the 1640s; the reflexive ''se rappeler'' “to remember” appears in Molière (1661).^(TLFi) ''Se rappeler de'', modelled on ''se souvenir de'', is found from 1769 and was long condemned.^(BHVF)^(Wiktionary) In 1744 it took the sense “to resemble, call to mind” (Voltaire), and in the 20th century “to call back on the telephone”.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) English took ''rappel'', the abseiling technique, from French in 1931.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – “To call back”, in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1245 – “To recall from exile”, in Philippe Mousket.^(TLFi)

+ * 1260 – The noun ''rappel''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1661 – ''Se rappeler'' “to remember”, in Molière.^(TLFi)

+ * 1744 – “To call to mind by resemblance”, in Voltaire.^(TLFi)

+ * 1769 – ''Se rappeler de''.^(BHVF)

+ * 1854 – ''Rappeler un diplomate'', in Tocqueville.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To call back; to make return: ''rappeler son chien''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # To recall from a post: ''rappeler un ambassadeur''; to call up reservists.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To call again, especially on the [[m|en|telephone]]; to call back.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|remind]]: ''rappeler quelque chose à quelqu'un''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To bring to mind by [[m|en|resemblance]]: ''ce paysage rappelle la Bretagne''.^(TLFi)

+ # ''Dieu l'a rappelé à lui'': he has died ''(euphemism)''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''Se rappeler'': to [[m|en|remember]].^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(climbing)'' To pull a rope through.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rappel]]

+ * [[rappelé]]

+ * [[appeler]]

+ * [[appel]]

+ * [[en|repeal]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Se rappeler quelque chose'' is the standard construction, ''se rappeler de'', after ''se souvenir de'', is common but still condemned by purists, though accepted before a personal pronoun.^(Wiktionary)^(BHVF)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}