manquer French · revision 17390

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1546, Rabelais, Tiers Livre|origins=la mancus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /mɑ̃.ke/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''manquer'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|it|mancare|t=to be lacking, fail]], a Renaissance borrowing, derived from the adjective [[m|it|manco|t=lacking, defective]], from [[la|mancus|t=maimed, crippled; defective]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007) Italian “mancare” already had all the senses of the French verb, so it is hard to say how many were borrowed and how many developed in French.^(DHLF 1992) The Grand Robert has an isolated record from 1398, Littré derived it from a Late Latin “mancare” “to maim” in the barbarian laws.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873) Latin “mancus” is also behind [[manchot]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ Compare [[oc|mancar]] and Old Spanish “mancar”.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in Rabelais's ''Tiers Livre'' (1546), meaning “to be absent, fail to be there”, of a person; in 1559 it is said of a needed thing.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its other senses appeared around 1600 and express a moral failing: ''manquer à'' “to fail in (a duty)” (1604) and “to fail in one's duties to someone” (1611).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Manquer de'' “to lack” dates from 1604, ''manquer de parole'' from the same author.^(TLFi) ''Manquer de'' or ''à'' with an infinitive, “to neglect to”, is from 1596 and 1645, surviving in ''ne pas manquer de''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

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+ The transitive “to miss, fail to hit or catch” is from 1647, and ''manquer de'' + infinitive “to nearly do” competes with ''faillir''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary) The modern ''tu me manques'' “I miss you” is the old sense “to be lacking to someone”.^(Wiktionary) The noun [[manque]] dates from 1594, [[manquement]] from 1566 and [[immanquable]] from 1652.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1546 – “To be absent”, in Rabelais.^(TLFi)

+ * 1559 – Of a needed thing, in Grévin.^(TLFi)

+ * 1566 – ''Manquement''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1594 – The noun ''manque''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1604 – ''Manquer à'' (a duty) and ''manquer de'' “to lack”, in Montchrestien.^(TLFi)

+ * 1647 – “To miss (a target)”, in Du Ryer.^(TLFi)

+ * 1652 – ''Immanquable''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To be lacking, [[m|en|missing]], absent: ''le temps nous manque''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Manquer à quelqu'un'': to be missed by: ''tu me manques'' “I miss you”.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Manquer de'': to [[m|en|lack]], be short of: ''manquer d'argent''.^(Wiktionary)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ # ''Manquer à'': to fail in (a duty, promise): ''manquer à sa parole''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Manquer de'' + infinitive: to nearly do: ''il a manqué de tomber'', ''ne pas manquer de'': not to fail to.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|miss]]: ''manquer le train'', ''manquer la cible''; to fail: ''manquer son coup''.^(Wiktionary)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[manque]]

+ * [[manquement]]

+ * [[immanquable]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[immanquablement]]

+ * [[manchot]]

+ * [[manquant]]

+ * [[faillir]]

+ * [[rater]]

+ * [[la|mancus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}