lieu French · revision 17388

+ French has two words spelled ''lieu'': ''lieu'' “place”, inherited from Latin ''locus'', and ''lieu'' “pollack”, a fish name borrowed from Old Norse.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ {{homograph|1|place}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont (loc)|origins=la locus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ljø/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Louisiana): [ljø]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lieu''' ''m'' (plural lieux)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|loc]] (late 10th century), ''leu'' (about 1050), ''liu'' (1080), ''lieu'' from about 1120.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The place is [[inh|fro|leu]], [[inh|la|locus|t=place, spot]], in early Latin “stlocus”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|5, 392a)^(Littré 1873) The Latin word translated [[grc|τόπος|tr=tópos]] and took over its technical senses; its own origin is not clear.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) Wiktionary connects it with [[ine-pro|*stel-|t=to put, place]].^(Wiktionary) The same Latin family gave [[louer]] “to rent”, [[loyer]] and the learned [[local]].^(Petit Robert 2007)

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+ Cognate with [[it|luogo]], [[oc|luec]], [[ca|lloc]], [[ro|loc]] and Old Spanish “luego”.^(Littré 1873)^(REW 1935)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found at the end of the 10th century in the ''Passion'' of Clermont as ''loc'', meaning a determined portion of space.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Lieu saint'' “temple” is in the Oxford Psalter (about 1120), and ''les lieux saints'' of Palestine from 1690.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In the ''Chanson de Roland'' ''es lius de'' means “in the place of”, whence ''en leu de'' (about 1160) and ''au lieu de'' “instead of” (1531).^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) ''Avoir lieu'' meant “to be welcome” (about 1180), then “to come true” (16th century), and, from 1778 (Buffon) “to take place”, ''il y a lieu de'' “there is reason to” is from 1611, ''tenir lieu de'' from 1534 and ''donner lieu à'' from 1656.^(TLFi)

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+ ''Lieux communs'' “commonplaces” (1562), a calque of Latin ''loci communes'', became “banalities” by 1666 (Molière).^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) In the plural ''les lieux'' meant the premises (1690) and the latrines (1640, ''lieux d'aisances'' 1802).^(TLFi) ''Haut lieu'' was a biblical high place in Racine (1691) before naming a memorable site (1931); ''en haut lieu'' “in high places” is from 1863.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Geometry has used ''lieu géométrique'' “locus” since 1690–1691.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 10th century – ''Loc'' in the ''Passion'' of Clermont.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Es lius de'' “in place of”, in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1287 – ''Lieutenant'', “one who holds the place”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1531 – ''Au lieu de''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1562 – ''Lieux communs''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1611 – ''Il y a lieu de'', in Cotgrave.^(TLFi)

+ * 1690 – ''Lieu géométrique''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1778 – ''Avoir lieu'' “to take place”, in Buffon.^(TLFi)

+ * 1846 – ''Non-lieu''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|place]], spot, location: ''lieu de travail'', ''en lieu sûr''.^(Wiktionary)^(Littré 1873)

+ # ''Les lieux'': the premises: ''état des lieux''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Avoir lieu'': to take place, ''tenir lieu de'': to serve as, ''donner lieu à'': to give rise to.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Au lieu de'': instead of, ''en premier lieu'': firstly.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Il y a lieu de'': there is reason to.^(TLFi)

+ # ''Lieu commun'': a [[m|en|commonplace]], a cliché.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(geometry)'' A [[m|en|locus]].^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Haut lieu'': a place famous for something, ''en haut lieu'': in high places.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[lieutenant]]

+ * [[sous-lieutenant]]

+ * [[non-lieu]]

+ * [[milieu]]

+ * [[chef-lieu]]

+ * [[lieudit]]

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+ {{homograph|2|pollack}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1431 (lief)|origins=non lýrr}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ljø/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Louisiana): [ljø]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lieu''' ''m'' (plural lieus)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle French ''lief'' (1431), ''lieu'' from 1553; the plural is ''lieus''.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The fish is [[bor|non|lýrr|t=pollack]], with the same meaning, first recorded in Brittany.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|16, 494b)^(Wiktionary) The Grand Robert and Littré compare [[br|leouek]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found as ''lief'' in 1431 in the archives of Brittany, ''lieu'' appears in 1553 in the journal of the Sire de Gouberville.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|pollack]] (''lieu jaune'') or [[m|en|saithe]] (''lieu noir''), sea fish of the genus ''Pollachius''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[location]]

+ * [[louer]]

+ * [[loyer]]

+ * [[local]]

+ * [[localité]]

+ * [[la|locus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}