froid French · revision 17357

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland (granz freiz)|origins=la frīgidus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /fʁwa/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /fʁwɑ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''froid''' (feminine froide, masculine plural froids, feminine plural froides)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|freit]], feminine ''freide'' (late 11th century), ''froit'', ''froide'' (12th century), ''froid'' from the 14th century.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|freit]], [[inh|la|frīgidus|t=cold, chilled; indifferent]], through Late Latin “frigdus” with a short “i”, recorded in the “Appendix Probi”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|3, 797b)^(Wiktionary) The change of vowel has been explained by dissimilation or by the influence of [[m|la|rigidus|t=stiff]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) “Frīgidus” is derived from [[m|la|frīgus|t=cold]], related to [[grc|ῥῖγος|tr=rhîgos|t=frost]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) The learned [[frigide]] is a doublet.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Compare [[oc|freg]], [[ca|fred]], [[es|frío]], [[pt|frio]] and [[it|freddo]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in the ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) as a plural noun, ''granz freiz'' “great cold spells”; the adjective appears in 1121 (''freid leu'' “a cold place”).^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Figurative uses came early: ''froides noveles'' “sad news” (about 1150), and “unfeeling, apathetic” in Gautier de Coinci (about 1223).^(TLFi) The noun ''le froid'' is found in all the Gallo-Romance dialects, often as a feminine after ''chaleur''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) In Quebec the adjective also means “chilled”, as in ''une bière froide''.^(DHLF 1992) Phrases include ''à froid'' “cold, without heating”, ''prendre froid'' “to catch cold”, ''jeter un froid'' and ''garder la tête froide''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary) Derivatives include [[froidure]], [[froideur]] and [[refroidir]] (12th century).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – ''Granz freiz'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1121 – ''Freid leu'', in the ''Voyage de saint Brendan''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1150 – ''Froides noveles'' “sad news”.^(TLFi)

+ * 12th century – ''Froidure'', ''froideur'', ''refroidir''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * c. 1223 – “Unfeeling”, in Gautier de Coinci.^(TLFi)

+ * 14th century – The spelling ''froid''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|cold]]: ''de l'eau froide'', ''il fait froid''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # Cold, distant, [[m|en|unfriendly]]: ''un accueil froid''.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Calm, unemotional: ''garder la tête froide''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(Quebec)'' Chilled: ''une bière froide''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The cold; cold weather: ''les grands froids'', ''avoir froid'': to be cold.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|chill]]: ''prendre froid''.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Coolness between people: ''jeter un froid'', ''être en froid avec''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[froideur]]

+ * [[froidir]]

+ * [[froidure]]

+ * [[refroidir]]

+ * [[refroidissement]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[frigide]]

+ * [[frileux]]

+ * [[frais]]

+ * [[frisson]]

+ * [[la|frīgidus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}