dehors French · revision 17352

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Vie de saint Léger (defors)|origins=la forīs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /də.ɔʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dehors'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|defors]], ''dehors'' appears from the late 12th or early 13th century.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ Eastern dialects and Franco-Provençal kept [[m|frp|defors]], southern French [[m|oc|defors]] and [[m|oc|deforas]].^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|defors]], [[inh|la-lat|dēforis|t=from outside; outside]], formed from [[la|dē|t=from]] and [[m|la|forīs|t=out of doors]], which also gave [[fors]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(FEW|3, 702b) The form “dehors” arose in two steps: the /f/ between vowels dropped as it regularly did, giving [[m|fro|deors]], and then an /h/ developed, at first in the emphatic exclamation, and spread to every use.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The Grand Robert also sees the influence of [[hors]].^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|difuori]], [[oc|defors]], [[ca|defora]] and [[es|defuera]].^(REW 1935)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ As ''defors'' it is an adverb meaning “outside” in the ''Vie de saint Léger'' (late 10th century); the ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) has the preposition: ''Defors son cors veit gesir la buele'' (“he sees his entrails lying outside his body”).^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Until the 17th century ''dehors'' was both adverb and preposition, like ''dedans''; it then became an adverb, and ''en dehors de'' took over the prepositional use.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) The Académie (1798–1878) allowed the preposition only in phrases such as ''il passa par dehors la ville''.^(TLFi) ''Mettre dehors'' “to throw out” is recorded at the beginning of the 15th century, in Juvénal des Ursins, and ''toutes voiles dehors'' “under full sail” in the Académie's dictionary of 1835.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ As a noun it is found in ''au defors'' about 1268; the plural ''les dehors'' came to mean outward appearance in the 16th century, and in the 17th the front, outbuildings and garden of a house and the outworks of a fortress.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In ballet, ''en dehors'' (with the legs turned outwards) is used by Lauze in 1623.^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 10th century – ''Defors'', adverb, in the ''Vie de saint Léger''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – The preposition in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * late 12th–early 13th century – The form ''dehors'' in a manuscript of the ''Brut''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1268 – The noun phrase ''au defors''.^(TLFi)

+ * 16th century – ''Les dehors'' “outward appearance”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1623 – ''En dehors'' as a term of dance.^(BHVF)

+ * 17th century – Restricted to use as an adverb.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|outside]], out of doors; away from home: ''coucher dehors'', ''je serai dehors toute la journée''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''Mettre'', ''jeter quelqu'un dehors'': to throw someone out; to [[m|en|dismiss]] someone.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Dehors !'': get out!^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''En dehors de'': outside of; apart from, [[m|en|except]].^(Larousse)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The outside, the [[m|en|exterior]] of something.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(plural)'' Outward [[m|en|appearance|alt=appearances]]: ''sous des dehors rudes''.^(Larousse)

+ # ''(plural, fortification)'' The [[m|en|outworks]] of a stronghold.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(archaic)'' Outside of: ''dehors la ville''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dedans]]

+ * [[hors]]

+ * [[fors]]

+ * [[la|forīs]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The ⟨h⟩ is aspirated, as Palsgrave already noted, Littré rejected the pronunciation ''dé-hors'', which he heard often in Paris.^(Littré 1873)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}