crier French · revision 17341

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont|origins=la quirītō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kʁi.je/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''crier'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-vul|*crītō]], a reduced form of [[la|quirītō|t=to call for help; to protest loudly]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|2, 1484b) Varro derived “quirītāre” from “Quirītēs” “Roman citizens”, as if it first meant “to call the citizens together”, but Rey and Bloch and Wartburg see this as a mere likeness of sound: the verb is onomatopoeic, as its doublet “quirrītāre”, said of a boar, suggests.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The same imitative base is found in [[nl|krijten]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|gridare]], [[pro|cridar]], [[ca|cridar]], [[es|gritar]] and [[pt|gritar]], which keep /t/ for its expressive value.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(REW 1935) [[en|cry]] was borrowed in the 13th century, and [[br|crial]] also comes from it.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Passion de Clermont'' (late 10th century) uses it for saying something in a loud voice; about 1050 the ''Vie de saint Alexis'' has it for a person crying out.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The ''Chanson de Roland'' has ''Cel nen i a qui ne crie : Marsile !'' (“there is none who does not cry: Marsile!”).^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Philippe de Thaon (about 1120) uses it of an animal, and, from the late 12th century it also meant to complain or protest.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) About 1180 it meant to proclaim something publicly, a sense of great importance in political and commercial life, as in Étienne Boileau's ''Livre des métiers'' (about 1268) for crying goods for sale in the street.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The present participle ''criant'' “glaring, outrageous” is recorded in 1677.^(TLFi)

+

+ The derived noun ''cri'' (about 975) followed every use of the verb; the street cries of merchants survive in the phrase ''dernier cri'' “the latest fashion” (1892).^(DHLF 1992) ''Criée'' (about 1165) came to mean a public sale by auction, and ''criard'' (1495) a shrill or garish thing.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 10th century – “To say in a loud voice”, in the ''Passion de Clermont''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1050 – “To cry out”, in the ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1120 – Of an animal, in Philippe de Thaon.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1180 – “To proclaim publicly”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1268 – Crying goods for sale, in Étienne Boileau.^(TLFi)

+ * 13th century – English ''cry'' is borrowed.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ * 1677 – ''Criant'' “outrageous”.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|shout]], cry out, scream: ''crier de douleur'', ''crier comme un sourd''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # (of an animal) To give its call.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # To raise one's voice, talk loudly; to scold: ''crier après quelqu'un''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # (of things) To [[m|en|creak]], [[m|en|squeak]].^(Wiktionary)

+ # To shout (something); to proclaim: ''crier sa colère'', ''crier quelque chose sur les toits''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # To cry (goods for sale) in the street.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # In phrases: ''crier famine'', ''crier victoire'', ''crier au loup'', ''sans crier gare'' (without warning).^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cri]]

+ * [[criée]]

+ * [[crieur]]

+ * [[criard]]

+ * [[criailler]]

+ * [[crierie]]

+ * [[décrier]]

+ * [[écrier]]

+ * [[récrier]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|cry]]

+ * [[la|quirītō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}