neuf French · revision 17334

+ {{homograph|1|nine}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1119, Philippe de Thaon, Comput (nof)|origins=ine-pro *h₁néwn̥}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /nœf/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /nœ.v‿/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /nœ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /nø/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''neuf''' (invariable)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|nof]] and [[m|fro|nuef]] (Chrétien de Troyes); ''neuf'' from the 13th century.^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The numeral is [[inh|fro|nuef]], [[inh|la|novem|t=nine]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|7, 207b) The Latin word goes back to [[ine-pro|*h₁néwn̥]];^(Wiktionary) it matches [[got|𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽|tr=niun]] and, with an alteration, [[grc|ἐννέα|tr=ennéa]], the source of “ennéa-” in French learned words.^(DHLF 1992) Its final nasal was originally /n/, as the ordinal [[m|la|nōnus|t=ninth]] shows.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Cognate with [[ro|nouă]], [[ca|nou]], [[es|nueve]] and [[pt|nove]].^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Philippe de Thaon's ''Comput'' (1119) has ''nof'', and ''vint e nof'' “twenty-nine”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Furetière (1690) records it as a noun for the figure and for a playing card (''un neuf de cœur''), and in 1675 Madame de Sévigné writes of a woman ''dans son neuf'', in the ninth month of her pregnancy.^(TLFi)^(BHVF) It is also used as an ordinal (''Louis IX'', ''page neuf'').^(GLLF 1989) Music has had measures such as ''neuf-huit'' since 1803.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ From the 1980s the Paris suburban départements numbered 91 to 95 came to be called ''neuf-un'' … ''neuf-cinq'', above all ''le neuf-trois'' for Seine-Saint-Denis.^(DHLF 1992) The derived ordinal [[neuvième]] (1140) replaced Old French ''nuefme''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1119 – ''Nof'' in Philippe de Thaon.^(TLFi)

+ * 1140 – The ordinal ''neuvième''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 13th century – The form ''neuf''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1675 – ''Être dans son neuf'' in Madame de Sévigné.^(TLFi)^(BHVF)

+ * 1690 – The noun, in Furetière.^(TLFi)

+ * 1980s – ''Le neuf-trois'' for Seine-Saint-Denis.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Numeral===

+ # [[m|en|nine]]: ''neuf ans'', ''les neuf Muses''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # Ninth, in dates, page numbers and names of rulers: ''Louis IX'', ''le neuf juin''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The number or figure nine; a playing card marked with nine pips: ''le neuf de cœur''.^(Larousse)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Preuve par neuf'': casting out nines, ''(figurative)'' conclusive proof.^(Larousse)

+ # ''(familiar)'' ''Le neuf-trois'': Seine-Saint-Denis.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[neuvième]]

+ * [[neuvaine]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|new}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont (nous)|origins=ine-pro *néwos}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /nœf/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''neuf''' (feminine neuve, masculine plural neufs, feminine plural neuves)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|nous]] (late 10th century) and [[m|fro|nuef]] (1170); ''neuf'' from 1480 according to Rey, the 13th century according to the GLLF.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adjective “new” is [[inh|fro|nuef]], [[inh|la|novus|t=new; recent]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|7, 210b) The Latin word goes back to [[ine-pro|*néwos]] and is related to [[grc|νέος|tr=néos]], [[sa|नव|tr=náva]], [[lt|naujas]], [[de|neu]] and [[en|new]].^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) Gaulish “*nouiios” survives in place names such as Neuilly, Nogent and Nevers.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ Cognate with [[ro|nou]], [[it|nuovo]], [[oc|nou]], [[ca|nou]], [[es|nuevo]] and [[pt|novo]].^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ As ''nous'' it is found in the ''Passion de Clermont'' (late 10th century), with the sense it still has, “not yet used”.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''De neuf'' “with something new” is recorded in 1170, as in ''habiller de neuf'' (1636), while ''à neuf'' “so as to look new” dates from 1585.^(DHLF 1992) By 1200 it meant “new compared with what existed before”, overlapping with ''nouveau'', as in ''terre neuve''; in 1208 “original, done for the first time”; and in the 16th and 17th centuries “untouched by passion” (1560) and “inexperienced” (1606), senses now archaic.^(DHLF 1992) Villon has ''quoy de neuf ?'' “what's new?”, and the noun ''le neuf'' “what is new” is from 1808.^(Littré 1873)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 10th century – ''Nous'' in the ''Passion de Clermont''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1170 – ''De neuf''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1200 – “New compared with what existed”.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 15th century – ''Quoy de neuf ?'' in Villon.^(Littré 1873)

+ * 1585 – ''À neuf''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1606 – “Inexperienced”.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|new]], not yet used, unworn: ''une voiture neuve'', ''à l'état neuf''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Recently made or built: ''une maison neuve'', ''un quartier neuf''.^(TLFi)

+ # Fresh, original: ''une idée neuve''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(dated)'' (of a person) [[m|en|inexperienced]].^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Faire peau neuve'': to change completely.^(TLFi)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # Something new: ''faire du neuf avec du vieux'', ''quoi de neuf ?'', what's new?^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''À neuf'': as new: ''remettre à neuf'', ''de neuf'': in new clothes.^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[nouveau]]

+ * [[la|novem]]

+ * [[la|novus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The numeral is pronounced [nœv] before ''ans'' and ''heures'' (''neuf ans'', ''neuf heures''); the older usage of dropping the /f/ before a consonant, still given by Littré and the Académie in 1935, has gone.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}