frapper French · revision 17327

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=onomatopoeia|attested=1178, Roman de Renart}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /fʁa.pe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''frapper'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|fraper]], ''frapper'' from the 14th century.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is most probably formed on an imitative base “frap-” expressing a sudden violent blow, as the TLFi, Bloch and Wartburg, the GLLF and the Petit Robert hold.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(FEW|3, 762b) The Grand Robert and Wiktionary derive it instead from [[frk|*hrapōn|t=to snatch]], the source also of [[de|raffen]], and Rey gives this Frankish origin first, calling the imitative one rather arbitrary.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992) Littré preferred a link with Dutch [[m|nl|flappen|t=to slap]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ The nautical sense “to make fast” (1678) is borrowed from [[en|frap]] (1548), of the same imitative origin.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in 1178 in the ''Roman de Renart'', meaning to give someone blows.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old French the reflexive ''se frapper'' often meant “to rush, dash forward”, and in the 15th century it was used of an epidemic breaking out: ''En l'ost du roy s'estoit frappée une maladie''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) ''Frappé de peste'' is recorded before 1590 and ''frapper à mort'' in Voltaire (1756).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) From 1580 it meant “to impress itself on (someone)”, as in ''frapper de stupeur'' (1669); ''se frapper'' “to worry” is mostly negative, as in ''sans se frapper'' (1865).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Technical senses include striking coins (Monet, 1636), beating the weft in weaving (1690) and chilling a drink with ice: ''champagne frappé de glace'' is found in 1813.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In the theatre ''frapper les trois coups'' signals the rise of the curtain (1865).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1178 – “To give blows”, in the ''Roman de Renart''.^(TLFi)

+ * 15th century – ''Se frapper'', of an epidemic.^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+ * before 1590 – ''Frappé de peste''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1636 – ''Frapper de la monnaie''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1678 – The nautical sense, from English.^(TLFi)

+ * 1813 – ''Champagne frappé de glace''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1865 – ''Frapper les trois coups'', ''sans se frapper''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|hit]], strike: ''frapper quelqu'un au visage''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # To [[m|en|knock]]: ''frapper à la porte''.^(Wiktionary)^(Larousse)

+ # (of illness, misfortune or punishment) To strike: ''frappé par la maladie'', ''frapper d'une amende''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To strike, impress: ''cela m'a frappé''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To [[m|en|mint]]: ''frapper monnaie''.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+ # To chill (a drink) with ice: ''champagne frappé''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(nautical)'' To make fast (a rope).^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(familiar)'' ''Se frapper'': to worry: ''ne te frappe pas''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[frappe]]

+ * [[frappé]]

+ * [[frappeur]]

+ * [[refrapper]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}