jardin French · revision 17245

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1138, Gaimar (gardin)|origins=gem-pro *gardô}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʒaʁ.dɛ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jardin''' ''m'' (plural jardins)^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Gardin'' (about 1138, Gaimar), ''jardin'' from the middle of the 12th century; the Anglo-Norman form is ''gardin''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(AND)

+ Old French also had the simple [[m|fro|jart]], [[m|fro|gart]] “garden” (12th century).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It probably goes back to a Gallo-Romance “*hortus gardinus” “enclosed garden”, whose second element comes [[der|frk|*gardo|t=enclosure]] or “*gart”; [[la-med|gardinium]] is attested from the 9th or 10th century.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|16, 18b) The Frankish word is reconstructed from [[goh|garto|t=garden]] (modern [[de|Garten]]) and Old French “jart”, and Bloch and Wartburg compare [[got|𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰|tr=garda|t=enclosure]], Wiktionary traces it to [[gem-pro|*gardô|t=enclosure, yard]], whence also [[en|yard]].^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) The GLLF and Petit Robert derive “jardin” directly from “gart”.^(GLLF 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ The first element, [[la|hortus|t=garden]], gave [[fro|ort]], which “jardin” displaced.^(DHLF 1992) From French the word spread to [[it|giardino]] and [[es|jardín]], and the Anglo-Norman variant “gardin” gave [[en|garden]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the second quarter of the 12th century (the poem ''Grand mal fit Adam'') it is a piece of ground, usually enclosed, where useful or ornamental plants are grown.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the Middle Ages the kitchen garden and the pleasure garden were often one, ''jardin potager'' is found in 1570.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Rabelais (1532) calls Touraine ''le jardin de France'', a fertile region.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The 18th and 19th centuries named kinds of garden: ''jardin botanique'' (1732), ''jardin anglais'' (1771), ''jardin français'' (1814, ''à la française'', 1859), ''jardin zoologique'' (1834) and ''jardin d'hiver'' (1866).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Jardin d'enfants'' (1859) is modelled on [[de|Kindergarten]], the name Friedrich Fröbel gave his institution in 1840.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In the theatre ''côté jardin'' (1869), the left side of the stage as seen from the audience, recalls the Tuileries theatre, which stood between the garden and the courtyard of the palace.^(DHLF 1992) ''Jardin secret'' is a private inner world.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1138 – ''Gardin'', Gaimar.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * c. 1180 – ''Jardinier''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1532 – ''Le jardin de France'', Rabelais.^(TLFi)

+ * 1570 – ''Jardin potager''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1771 – ''Jardin anglais''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1834 – ''Jardin zoologique'', Michelet.^(TLFi)

+ * 1859 – ''Jardin d'enfants''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1869 – ''Côté jardin'', in the theatre.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|garden]]: ''jardin potager'', ''jardin d'agrément'', ''jardin à la française''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A public garden, [[m|en|park]]: ''le jardin du Luxembourg'', ''jardin public''.^(Littré 1873)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Jardin botanique'', ''jardin zoologique'': botanical garden, zoo.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Jardin d'enfants'': a [[m|en|kindergarten]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(theatre)'' ''Côté jardin'': stage left.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(figurative)'' ''Jardin secret'': one's private inner life.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jardiner]]

+ * [[jardinage]]

+ * [[jardinier]]

+ * [[jardinière]]

+ * [[jardinet]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[horticulture]]

+ * [[en|garden]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}