oser French · revision 17243

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont (auser)|origins=la audeō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /o.ze/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''oser'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''auser'' (about 980), ''oser'' from 1080.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-lat|ausō|alt=ausāre|t=to dare]], formed on “ausus”, the past participle of [[m|la|audeō|t=to dare]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|25, 1041a) Bloch and Wartburg explain the new verb by the irregularity of “audēre”, whose perfect was “ausus sum”; the regular first-conjugation type was easier.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Rey connects “audeō” with [[m|la|avidus|t=greedy]] and an original sense “to desire, be willing”, still seen in the polite formula “sī audēs” (shortened to “sōdēs”) “if you please”.^(DHLF 1992) The same Latin family gave [[audace]] and [[avide]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|osare]], [[pro|ausar]], [[es|osar]] and [[pt|ousar]].^(REW 1935)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Passion de Clermont'' (late 10th century) it means “to have the courage to”: ''il no l'auseren deramar''; the ''Chanson de Roland'' has ''ki l'osast querre''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Early in the 12th century it also meant “to have the effrontery to”, especially in a challenge or threat (''vous ne m'oseriés pas suirre'', early 13th century, ''si tu l'oses!'').^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) From 1485 it is used as a polite precaution, ''j'ose dire''; the absolute use, “to be bold”, especially in love, is found in 1480.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) With a noun object, ''oser quelque chose'' “to venture on”, it dates from 1561.^(TLFi) The participle [[osé]] meant “bold” in Wace (about 1155); “risky” (1823) and “daring, risqué” (1856; of a remark, Maupassant 1885) are 19th-century.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In Switzerland ''oser'' means “to be allowed to” (1724).^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 10th century – ''Auser'', ''Passion de Clermont''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Oser'', ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1155 – ''Osé'' “bold”, Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * 1480 – Absolute use, Coquillart.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1485 – ''J'ose dire''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1561 – ''Oser quelque chose''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1856 – ''Osé'' “risqué”.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|dare]]: ''je n'ose pas lui parler'', ''il a osé me contredire''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(literary)'' To venture, attempt: ''oser une démarche''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ # In polite formulas: ''si j'ose dire'', ''j'ose espérer que''.^(Littré 1873)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''(Switzerland)'' To be allowed to, may.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[osé]]

+ * [[oseur]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[audace]]

+ * [[audacieux]]

+ * [[avide]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}