malgré French · revision 17232

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 1165, Benoît de Sainte-Maure (mal gré)}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /mal.ɡʁe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''malgré'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old and Middle French [[m|fro|maugré]] (1176–81, Chrétien de Troyes), usual until the 16th century, ''malgré'' is a remaking after ''mal'' (14th–15th century).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a compound [[af|fr|mal|gré|t1=bad|t2=liking, will]], literally “ill will”.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|4, 252b) [[gré]] is from [[la|grātum]], the neuter of [[m|la|grātus|t=pleasing]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The regular form “maugré” was remade as “malgré” to mark the contrast with “bon gré”; it survives in [[maugréer]] (1279).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|malgrado]], [[ca|malgrat]] and [[pro|malgrat]].^(Wiktionary)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In Benoît de Sainte-Maure's ''Roman de Troie'' (about 1165) ''mal gré'' means “against someone's will”; the Châtelain de Coucy writes ''maugré eux vous ai mon cuer doné'' “in spite of them I have given you my heart”.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Malgré lor denz'' “despite all their efforts” is found about 1225, and ''malgré que j'en aie'' “in spite of myself” about 1250.^(TLFi) The sense “in spite of (something)”, with a noun for a thing, appears in Corneille (1650); ''malgré tout'' is in Littré.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) ''Malgré que'' “although” is attested from 1787, when Féraud condemned it; it is still criticised by purists.^(TLFi)^(Larousse) The ''malgré-nous'' were the men of Alsace and Moselle forcibly conscripted into the German army in the Second World War.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1165 – ''Mal gré'', ''Roman de Troie''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1176–81 – ''Maugré'', Chrétien de Troyes.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1225 – ''Malgré lor denz''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1250 – ''Malgré que il en ait''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1279 – ''Maugréer''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1650 – “In spite of (something)”, Corneille.^(TLFi)

+ * 1787 – ''Malgré que'' “although”, condemned by Féraud.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|despite]], in spite of: ''il est sorti malgré la pluie''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Against the will of: ''malgré son père'', ''malgré moi'', against my will; unintentionally.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Malgré tout'': all the same, nevertheless.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Malgré que'' + subjunctive: although (criticised); ''(literary)'' ''malgré que j'en aie'', in spite of myself.^(Larousse)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[malgré-nous]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gré]]

+ * [[maugréer]]

+ * [[bon gré mal gré]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}