étranger French · revision 17222

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1369, Guillaume de Machaut (estrangier)|origins=la extrāneus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /e.tʁɑ̃.ʒe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''étranger''' (feminine étrangère, masculine plural étrangers, feminine plural étrangères)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle French ''estrangier'', ''estranger'', ''étranger'' from the 17th century.^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|fr|étrange|-ier]], the suffix reduced to “-er” after a palatal consonant.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) [[étrange]] continues [[la|extrāneus|t=external, foreign]]; until the 17th century “étrange” itself meant “foreign”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Littré and Wiktionary compare a Vulgar Latin “*extraneārius”.^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary) The French word gave [[it|straniero]] and [[es|extranjero]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Compare [[pro|estrangier]], [[ca|estranger]] and [[pt|estrangeiro]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In Guillaume de Machaut's ''Prise d'Alexandrie'' (1369) it is a noun: one who is not from the country.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Eustache Deschamps says of Paris ''tuit estrangier l'ament et ameront'' “all foreigners love it and will love it”, and in the 16th century it is common as an adjective (''marchandises estrangeres'', Amyot).^(Littré 1873) Besides “of another nation”, it came to mean outside a family or group, unfamiliar (La Bruyère, before 1696), and unrelated to a matter (''étranger à'').^(GLLF 1989) ''Les Affaires étrangères'' are a country's foreign relations, and the ''Légion étrangère'' was created in 1831.^(GLLF 1989) ''L'étranger'', the foreign powers, is in Saint-Just (1794), and ''à l'étranger'' “abroad” is recorded by the Académie in 1835.^(BHVF)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1369 – A foreigner, Guillaume de Machaut.^(TLFi)

+ * 16th century – As an adjective, Amyot.^(Littré 1873)

+ * Before 1696 – “Unfamiliar”, La Bruyère.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1794 – ''L'étranger'' “foreign powers”, Saint-Just.^(BHVF)

+ * 1831 – The ''Légion étrangère''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1835 – ''À l'étranger'' “abroad”.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|foreign]]: ''un pays étranger'', ''une langue étrangère'', ''les Affaires étrangères''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Strange, unfamiliar: ''un visage étranger'', ''être étranger à quelqu'un''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Étranger à'': unconnected with; unaware of: ''il est étranger à cette affaire''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+ # ''Corps étranger'': a foreign body.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|foreigner]]: ''les étrangers résidant en France''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # A [[m|en|stranger]], outsider.^(Wiktionary)^(Littré 1873)

+ # ''L'étranger'': foreign countries, ''à l'étranger'', abroad.^(Larousse)^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[étrange]]

+ * [[étrangeté]]

+ * [[extranéité]]

+ * [[la|extrāneus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A separate verb ''étranger'' “to drive away, estrange”, Old French ''estrangier'' (about 1120), from [[la|extrāneō]], survives only in rare technical uses.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}