politique French · revision 17198

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1265, Brunetto Latini (noun); 1365, Oresme (adjective)|origins=grc πόλις}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /pɔ.li.tik/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''politique''' (plural politiques)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adjective is [[bor|la|polīticus|t=relating to government]], from [[grc|πολιτικός|tr=politikós|t=of citizens; of the state; skilled in public affairs]], from [[m|grc|πολίτης|tr=polítēs|t=citizen]], from [[m|grc|πόλις|tr=pólis|t=city]] (see [[police]]).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|9, 131a) The feminine noun “politics” is taken from [[la|politice]], itself borrowed in the 2nd century from [[m|grc|πολιτική|tr=politikḗ]], understood with [[m|grc|τέχνη|tr=tékhnē|t=art]], “the political art”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)^(FEW|9, 130b) The masculine noun was taken from the adjective.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The noun is first found in Brunetto Latini's ''Livre du Trésor'' (1265), but is rare before the 17th century; the adjective is in Nicole Oresme (1365), meaning proper to good government, judicious.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Oresme also used the adjective (about 1370) in the neutral sense “concerning the government of men”, the most general sense today, as in ''économie politique'' (1615).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) About 1485 it described a person wise and skilful in governing, and in 1636 one who adapts to every circumstance, a sense now lost.^(TLFi) From the 18th century it qualified the exercise of power: ''corps politique'' (1721), ''science politique'' (1770), ''droits politiques'' (1789), ''opinions politiques'' (1790), ''délits politiques'' (1815) and ''détenus politiques'' (1848).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ As a masculine noun ''un politique'' was a police officer (1559), then during the Wars of Religion a member of the party that sought political rather than religious solutions (1589), a statesman (before 1621) and a political prisoner (1858).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) The feminine ''la politique'' is the art of governing and, by extension, any concerted course of action.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1265 – The noun in Brunetto Latini.^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1365 – The adjective, Oresme.^(TLFi)

+ * 1559 – ''Un politique'', a police officer.^(TLFi)

+ * 1589 – ''Les Politiques'' in the Wars of Religion.^(TLFi)

+ * 1615 – ''Économie politique'', Montchrestien.^(TLFi)

+ * 1750 – ''Impolitique''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1789 – ''Droits politiques'', Sieyès.^(TLFi)

+ * 1838–39 – ''Politicailler'', Barbey d'Aurevilly.^(TLFi)

+ * 1949 – ''Apolitique'' and ''politiser''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|political]]: relating to government and the exercise of power: ''un homme politique'', ''un parti politique'', ''prisonnier politique''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(dated)'' Shrewd, diplomatic.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''La politique'' (feminine): [[m|en|politics]], the art and practice of government: ''faire de la politique''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Une politique'' (feminine): a [[m|en|policy]]: ''la politique étrangère'', ''politique de l'emploi''.^(Larousse)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Un politique'' (masculine): a statesman, a politician, ''(historical)'' a political prisoner.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Le politique'' (masculine): the political sphere: ''le politique et le social''.^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[politicien]]

+ * [[politiquement]]

+ * [[politiquer]]

+ * [[impolitique]]

+ * [[apolitique]]

+ * [[politiser]]

+ * [[politisation]]

+ * [[dépolitiser]]

+ * [[politicaille]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[police]]

+ * [[grc|πόλις|tr=pólis]]

+ * [[en|politics]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}