charger French · revision 17194

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Chanson de Roland (carger)|origins=la carrus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʃaʁ.ʒe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''charger'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''carger'' (''Chanson de Roland''), ''chargier'' (1160–74), ''chergier'' (1299).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-lat|carricō|t=to load]], recorded in the 6th century in the syncopated form “carcare” (Salic Law), derived from [[m|la|carrus|t=four-wheeled wagon]] (see [[char]]): properly “to put in a wagon”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|2, 415b) The Petit Robert gives “carrus” as a word of Celtic origin.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|caricare]], [[pro|cargar]], [[ca|carregar]], [[es|cargar]] and [[pt|carregar]].^(REW 1935)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) ''carger'' is to put something heavy on a person, an animal or a vehicle: ''D'or et d'argent quatre cenz muls chargez''.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The idea of putting on has always remained, with different senses according to the object.^(DHLF 1992) About 1150 Wace has ''charger qqc. à qqn'' “to entrust something to someone”, replaced by ''charger qqn de qqc.'' (1538); to charge an enemy is in Ambroise (about 1195), whence the order ''chargez !''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) To accuse is found at the end of the 12th century, and to impose a tax in 1299.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Loading a firearm is recorded in 1564, a furnace in 1752 and an electric battery in 1814.^(TLFi)^(BHVF) ''Portrait chargé'' (1676) and ''charger'' “to exaggerate” (1704) gave the noun ''charge'' “caricature” (1680).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Chargé d'affaires'' is in Marat (1790), and a cab driver ''charge'' a fare from 1929.^(TLFi) In Quebec ''charger'' “to bill” is a calque of English ''to charge''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – ''Carger'', ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1150 – To entrust, Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1195 – To charge an enemy, Ambroise.^(TLFi)

+ * 1299 – To tax.^(TLFi)

+ * 1564 – To load a firearm.^(TLFi)

+ * 1704 – To exaggerate.^(TLFi)

+ * 1790 – ''Chargé d'affaires'', Marat.^(TLFi)

+ * 1814 – To charge a battery.^(TLFi)

+ * 1929 – Of a cab driver, to pick up a fare.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|load]]: ''charger une voiture'', ''charger des marchandises sur un navire''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To load a firearm or a camera, fill a pipe; to [[m|en|charge]] a battery.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To burden, weigh down; to fill to excess: ''charger sa mémoire''.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+ # ''Charger quelqu'un de'': to put someone in charge of, entrust with: ''il m'a chargé de vous le dire''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To accuse, bring evidence against: ''témoin qui charge l'accusé''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To charge, attack: ''la cavalerie chargea''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To exaggerate, caricature; in the theatre, to overact.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(familiar)'' Of a taxi, to pick up a passenger.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Se charger de'': to take care of, see to.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[charge]]

+ * [[chargé]]

+ * [[chargement]]

+ * [[chargeur]]

+ * [[décharger]]

+ * [[recharger]]

+ * [[surcharger]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[caricature]]

+ * [[char]]

+ * [[charrier]]

+ * [[cargaison]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}