sauf French · revision 17190

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont (salv)|origins=la salvus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /sof/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sauf''' (feminine sauve, masculine plural saufs, feminine plural sauves)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''salv'' (about 980), feminine ''salve'' (1080), ''salf'', ''sauf'' (about 1155).^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|salvus|t=whole, intact; in good health]], which in Church Latin took the moral sense “saved (from evil, by the Saviour)”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|11, 133b) Rey relates “salvus” to [[m|la|salūs]] (see [[salut]]) and, like [[m|la|solidus]], to an Indo-European root also seen in [[grc|ὅλος|tr=hólos|t=whole]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) The preposition developed from constructions in which the adjective stood before the noun, such as “sauve vostre grace” “saving your grace”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|salvo]], [[es|salvo]], [[pt|salvo]] and [[pro|salv]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Passion'' of Clermont (about 980) ''salv'' means “having eternal salvation”; the ''Chanson de Roland'' has ''lei salve'', the law that brings salvation.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The secular sense “unharmed, intact” appears in Wace (1130–40), with ''sains e salfs'' “safe and sound” in 1155.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) The preposition first meant “without harm to” (about 1155), in polite formulas such as ''sauve la grace'' (1373), ''sauf votre honneur'' (1538) and ''sauf votre respect'' (1671).^(DHLF 1992) The sense “except” is found in 1247, and ''sauf que'' about 1500, ''sauf erreur'' (1835), ''sauf si'' (Montaigne, 1580) and ''sauf à'' with the infinitive (1655) followed.^(DHLF 1992) ''Sauf-conduit'' dates from the 12th century and ''sauvegarde'' from about 1155 (''salve garde'').^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 980 – ''Salv'', saved, ''Passion'' of Clermont.^(TLFi)

+ * 1130–40 – “Intact”, Wace.^(TLFi)

+ * 1155 – ''Sains e salfs''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1155 – The preposition, “without harm to”.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1247 – “Except”.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1500 – ''Sauf que''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1671 – ''Sauf votre respect''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1835 – ''Sauf erreur''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|safe]], unharmed: ''sain et sauf'', ''avoir la vie sauve'', ''l'honneur est sauf''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|except]], but, save: ''tous sauf lui'', ''sauf que'', except that.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # Barring, unless there is: ''sauf erreur'', ''sauf avis contraire'', ''sauf si''.^(TLFi)^(Larousse)

+ # ''(dated)'' ''Sauf votre respect'': with all due respect.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(literary)'' ''Sauf à'' with the infinitive: even if it means; while reserving the right to.^(TLFi)^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sauf-conduit]]

+ * [[sauvegarde]]

+ * [[sauveté]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sauver]]

+ * [[salut]]

+ * [[la|salvus]]

+ * [[en|safe]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}