hôpital French · revision 17165

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes (ospital)|origins=la hospes}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /o.pi.tal/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /ɔ.pi.tal/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hôpital''' ''m'' (plural hôpitaux)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''ospital'' (about 1170), ''hospital'' (1190); ''hôpital'' in Pomey (1671).^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992) The circumflex is not pronounced, Littré notes.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la-lat|hospitāle|t=place of refuge, guesthouse]], the noun use of [[m|la|hospitālis|t=of a guest, hospitable]] (as in “hospitalis domus”), the adjective of [[m|la|hospes|t=guest, host]] (see [[hôte]]).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) In Medieval Latin it was specialised in monasteries for a charitable house (Bede, first half of the 8th century), and the word came into French through the monasteries.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Littré notes that the Latin word had given “hostel” (now [[hôtel]]) in the regular way, and that “hospital” was remade on the Latin very early.^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Compare [[pro|hospital]], [[es|hospital]], [[pt|hospital]] and [[it|ospedale]].^(Littré 1873)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In Chrétien de Troyes' ''Érec'' (about 1170) an ''ospital'' is a charitable house, usually belonging to a monastery, where the poor and travellers were taken in.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In 1181 the statutes of the ''Ospital de Jerusalem'' say it received sick men and women.^(TLFi)^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Extended to lay houses, the word was close to [[hospice]], and came to symbolise poverty: ''le chemin de l'hôpital'' (1640), ''être réduit à l'hôpital''; it also meant a hovel (1704) and, in slang, a prison (1837).^(DHLF 1992) The medical sense appears in ''hôpital pour les malades'' (Pomey, 1671), but in classical French the word still centred on free lodging: ''hôpital des orphelins'' (1690), ''hôpital général'' (1704) for the destitute, ''hôpital militaire'' (1759).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) It was clearly distinguished from ''hospice'' only in the 19th century, from the beginning of which it has meant a public establishment that treats the sick.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1170 – ''Ospital'', Chrétien de Troyes.^(TLFi)

+ * 1181 – ''Ospital de Jerusalem''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1640 – ''Le chemin de l'hôpital''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1671 – ''Hôpital pour les malades'', Pomey.^(TLFi)

+ * 1704 – ''Hôpital général''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1759 – ''Hôpital militaire''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 19th century – Distinguished from ''hospice''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|hospital]], a public or private establishment where the sick and injured are treated: ''être à l'hôpital'', ''hôpital psychiatrique''.^(Larousse)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(historical)'' A charitable house that took in the poor, pilgrims, orphans and the sick, an [[m|en|almshouse]].^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hôtel]]

+ * [[hospice]]

+ * [[hospitalier]]

+ * [[hôte]]

+ * [[la|hospitālis]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The familiar word is ''hosto''.^(Petit Robert 2007) ''L'Ospital'' (1181) also named the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, founded in the late 11th century to serve the hospital of Jerusalem where pilgrims to the Holy Places were received.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}