fumer French · revision 17151

+ {{homograph|1|to smoke}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=early 12th century, Voyage de saint Brendan|origins=la fūmus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /fy.me/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fumer'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb “to smoke” is [[inh|la|fūmō|t=to give off smoke or steam]], derived from [[m|la|fūmus|t=smoke]], which has no known origin according to Rey.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|3, 855a)^(Wiktionary) Littré related the Latin root to [[grc|θυμός|tr=thumós]] and [[grc|θύω|tr=thúō|t=to offer by burning]], and Wiktionary traces “fūmus” to [[ine-pro|*dʰuh₂mós]].^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[ro|fuma]], [[it|fumare]], [[pro|fumar]], [[ca|fumar]], [[es|fumar]] and [[pt|fumar]].^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Early in the 12th century the ''Voyage de saint Brendan'' has it for giving off smoke or vapour; the Oxford Psalter (about 1120) has ''toche les monz, e il fumerunt'' “touch the mountains and they will smoke”.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In 1178 the ''Roman de Renart'' uses it of a kitchen letting out smoke.^(TLFi) At the end of the 14th century it meant “to fume, get angry” (''se fumer'', 1456–67), and transitively it meant “to smoke out” (1565), then to cure food in smoke (Cotgrave, 1611); ''verres fumés'' for watching an eclipse are recorded in 1724.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ The sense “to smoke tobacco” appears in 1664, in Thévenot's account of a journey to the Levant, and became the main one, as in ''défense de fumer'' and, at the end of the 20th century, ''fumer tue'' on cigarette packets.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Heavy smokers smoke ''comme une locomotive'' (1871) or ''comme un pompier'', the smoke being that of the fire the firemen put out.^(DHLF 1992) Smoking drugs gave ''fumette'' in the 1970s.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * early 12th century – To give off smoke, ''Voyage de saint Brendan''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1178 – Of a kitchen, ''Roman de Renart''.^(TLFi)

+ * late 14th century – To fume with anger, Deschamps.^(TLFi)

+ * 1611 – To cure in smoke, Cotgrave.^(TLFi)

+ * 1664 – To smoke tobacco, Thévenot.^(TLFi)

+ * 1871 – ''Fumer comme une locomotive''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1970s – ''Fumette''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To give off [[m|en|smoke]]: ''la cheminée fume'', ''les cendres fument encore''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To give off steam: ''potage qui fume''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To smoke (tobacco or another substance): ''fumer une cigarette'', ''fumer comme un pompier'', to smoke like a chimney, ''défense de fumer''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Larousse)

+ # To cure in smoke: ''fumer du saumon'', ''verres fumés''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(familiar, dated)'' To fume, be furious.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fumeur]]

+ * [[fumette]]

+ * [[fumoir]]

+ * [[enfumer]]

+ * [[fumet]]

+ * [[fumeux]]

+ * [[fumiste]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|to manure}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 12th century (femer)|origins=la fimus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /fy.me/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fumer''' (transitive)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ Old French ''femer'' (end of the 12th century); ''fumer'' from the 14th century.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb “to manure” is [[inh|fro|femer]], from popular Latin [[inh|la-vul|*fimō]], derived from [[m|la|fimus|t=dung]] (see [[fumier]]), and was altered to “fumer” by attraction of the verb “to smoke”.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(FEW|3, 545a) Littré calls “fumer” a popular alteration, like “fumelle” for “femelle” or “sumer” for “semer”.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ Compare [[pro|femar]] and [[ca|femar]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ ''Femer'' is first found at the end of the 12th century, meaning to spread dung on land.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|manure]], spread dung or fertiliser on land: ''fumer un champ''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fumée]]

+ * [[fumier]]

+ * [[la|fūmus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}