respirer French · revision 17134

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1190, Sermons de saint Bernard|origins=la spīrō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʁɛs.pi.ʁe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''respirer'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|respīrō|t=to breathe out, exhale; to recover one's breath; to rest]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|10, 308a)^(Wiktionary) The Latin verb is from [[m|la|re-|t=back]] and [[m|la|spīrō|t=to breathe]] (see [[esprit]], [[spirituel]]).^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) The earliest French use, “to come back to life”, shows the attraction of “esprit” “breath, life”, as Paul Zumthor noted.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992) The pronounced ⟨s⟩ is probably due to “esprit” or restored after the Latin.^(DHLF 1992) In the south of France the word did not everywhere replace the outcomes of popular Latin “*alenare” (see [[haleine]]), and here and there it gave way to outcomes of [[m|la|pulsō]].^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Compare [[pro|respirar]], [[es|respirar]] and [[it|respirare]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the ''Sermons'' of Saint Bernard (end of the 12th century) ''respirer de qqc.'' is to come back to life after enduring something painful.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The physiological sense, to draw air into the chest and let it out, is in Guillaume le Clerc (1210–30).^(TLFi) In the 13th century it meant to have a respite, perhaps under the influence of [[répit]], and also to show itself, “to give off (a smell)” is from about 1300, and figuratively “to radiate, bespeak” from about 1585.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) In 1601 Montchrestien used it for “to be alive” and “to long for”, and Corneille (1640) for regaining one's composure after an ordeal.^(TLFi) Valmont de Bomare (1768) applied it to plants.^(TLFi) In Berry a soil that lets in air is said to ''respirer''.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 12th century – To revive, ''Sermons de saint Bernard''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1210–30 – To breathe, Guillaume le Clerc.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1300 – To give off a smell.^(TLFi)

+ * 15th century – ''Respiration''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1601 – To be alive, Montchrestien.^(TLFi)

+ * 1640 – To have respite, Corneille.^(TLFi)

+ * 1768 – Of plants.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|breathe]]: ''respirer par le nez'', ''respirer profondément''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To breathe in, inhale: ''respirer l'air frais'', ''respirer un parfum''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(TLFi)

+ # To get one's breath back; to have a respite, relax: ''laissez-moi respirer''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(literary)'' To be alive.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # To radiate, exude: ''il respire la santé''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[respirable]]

+ * [[irrespirable]]

+ * [[respiratoire]]

+ * [[respirateur]]

+ * [[respir]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[respiration]]

+ * [[esprit]]

+ * [[aspirer]]

+ * [[inspirer]]

+ * [[expirer]]

+ * [[haleine]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}