camarade French · revision 17127

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=before 1571, Carloix|origins=la camera}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ka.ma.ʁad/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''camarade''' ''m or f'' by sense (plural camarades)^(Wiktionary)

+ Feminine when it meant a barrack room; in the 16th and 17th centuries also ''camerade'', the form Malherbe used.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|es|camarada|t=barrack room; comrade]], from [[m|es|cámara|t=room]], corresponding to French [[chambre]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|2, 134a)^(Wiktionary) [[it|camerata]] probably influenced the form “camerade”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Before 1571 Vincent Carloix uses it, as a feminine noun and “in the Spanish manner”, for a room of soldiers: ''la vieille qui blanchissoit le linge de sa camarade''.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “one who shares another's lot” appears in La Noue (1587), of Spanish infantrymen, and the barrack-room sense died out in the 17th century; it then became masculine according to its sense.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) ''Camarade de classe'' is from 1758, and as a familiar form of address it is now dated.^(DHLF 1992) In politics, in socialist and communist parties and trade unions, it is the usual form of address between members (Coppée, 1869), and in a Soviet context it translated Russian ''tovarishch''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) [[en|comrade]] was borrowed from French in the 1590s.^(Etymonline) [[camaraderie|alt=Camaraderie]] is in Madame de Sévigné (1671).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * before 1571 – A barrack room, Carloix.^(TLFi)

+ * 1587 – A comrade, La Noue.^(TLFi)

+ * 1590s – English ''comrade''.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1671 – ''Camaraderie'', Madame de Sévigné.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1758 – ''Camarade de classe''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1869 – A political comrade, Coppée.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|companion]], fellow (at work, school, etc.): ''camarade de classe'', ''camarade d'enfance''.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # A friend, [[m|en|mate]].^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A familiar form of address: ''eh ! camarade''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ # A [[m|en|comrade]], a fellow member of a socialist or communist party or a union: ''le camarade X''.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[camaraderie]]

+ * [[camarader]]

+ * [[camaro]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[chambre]]

+ * [[chambrée]]

+ * [[compagnon]]

+ * [[copain]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}