cependant French · revision 17121

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 1278, Sept Sages (ce pendant)}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /sə.pɑ̃.dɑ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cependant''' (adverb, conjunction)^(Wiktionary)

+ Written ''ce pendant'' in Old and Middle French, and sometimes still in its temporal sense.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|fr|ce|pendant]], the present participle of [[pendre]], of which “ce” was at first the subject: “this being pending”.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|8, 181a)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ About 1278, in the ''Sept Sages'', ''ce pendant'' is an absolute participial phrase with a temporal value, in a legal context, “this being pending”, and then in general use.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Ce pendant que'' “while” is found in 1424 (the ''Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris''); Vaugelas (1647) condemned ''cependant que'' in favour of ''pendant que'', but it remained frequent in the 17th century and later.^(TLFi) The adversative sense, “nevertheless”, appears as an adverb in Calvin (1541) and as a conjunction in Montaigne (1580), and is now the usual one; the temporal sense “meanwhile” is literary.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1278 – ''Ce pendant'', “this being pending”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1424 – ''Ce pendant que''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1541 – Adversative adverb, Calvin.^(TLFi)

+ * 1580 – Adversative conjunction, Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1647 – Vaugelas condemns ''cependant que''.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|however]], [[m|en|nevertheless]], yet: ''l'autruche a des ailes, et cependant elle ne vole pas''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(literary)'' [[m|en|meanwhile]], in the meantime: ''je pourrai cependant te parler''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ # ''(literary)'' ''Cependant que'': while, whereas.^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pendant]]

+ * [[pendre]]

+ * [[toutefois]]

+ * [[néanmoins]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}