appel French · revision 17117

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=back-formation|attested=late 11th century (apel, apiau)|origins=la appellō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /a.pɛl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''appel''' ''m'' (plural appels)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''apel''; the old nominative singular and oblique plural ''apeaus'' became [[appeau]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a deverbal noun [[der|fr|appeler]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) “Appeler” (1080) is borrowed from [[la|appellō|t=to address, call upon; to name]], a prefixed form of a verb “*pellāre”, a variant of [[m|la|pellō|t=to push]], which would have meant “to move towards”; compare [[interpeller]].^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ At the end of the 11th century ''apel'', ''apiau'' meant recourse, appeal (''Lois de Guillaume''); the usual sense “act of calling” appears about 1172 in Chrétien de Troyes, after a lost sense “welcome”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In law it has meant appeal to a higher court since 1382, whence ''cour d'appel'', ''en appel'' and ''sans appel'', said of an irrevocable decision.^(DHLF 1992) As a military signal to assemble it is of the 13th century; at the beginning of the 19th century it took the sense of a roll-call of troops, and in 1835 the calling up of an age group for military service (''appel du contingent''), whence ''les appelés''.^(DHLF 1992) A roll-call in general is from 1690, and ''faire appel à'' comes from ''faire un appel'' “to ask for help” (1835).^(DHLF 1992) An ''appel'' was a bird whistle in 1270, a sense later taken by ''appeau''.^(DHLF 1992) Telephones gave ''appel téléphonique''.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 11th century – ''Apel'', recourse.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1172 – The act of calling, Chrétien de Troyes.^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 13th century – A military signal.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1270 – A bird whistle.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1382 – A legal appeal.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1690 – A roll-call.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1835 – ''Faire appel'', the call-up.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|call]], a cry or signal to make someone come: ''un appel au secours'', ''appel de phares''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A telephone call: ''passer un appel''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An appeal, a request: ''faire appel à qqn'', ''appel aux dons'', ''appel d'offres''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|roll-call]]: ''faire l'appel'', ''manquer à l'appel''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(law)'' An [[m|en|appeal]]: ''faire appel'', ''cour d'appel'', ''sans appel'', final.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(military)'' A call-up: ''l'appel du contingent''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Appel d'air'': a draught, an inflow of air.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[appelant]]

+ * [[appeler]]

+ * [[appeau]]

+ * [[rappel]]

+ * [[la|appellō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}