hasard French · revision 17113

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1150, Everard de Kirkham (hasart)|origins=ar الزهر}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /a.zaʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hasard''' ''m'' (plural hasards)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''hasart'' (12th century); ''hazard'' in the 15th century.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|osp|azar|t=an unlucky throw at dice; a dice game]], recorded in 1283 in Alfonso the Wise's book of games, from [[ar|الزهر|tr=az-zahr|t=the die]], with the article “al” assimilated before “z”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|19, 204a) The ⟨h-⟩ reflects the medieval habit of writing foreign words beginning with a vowel with “h”, and was later pronounced as an aspirate h.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The sense “die” is not found in Classical Arabic, so Corominas started from [[m|ar|زهر|tr=zahr|t=flower]], a flower being painted on one face of the die; others proposed [[m|ar|يسر|tr=yasara|t=to play at dice]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) Medieval writers such as William of Tyre told that the game was invented at the siege of a castle called Hasart in Syria.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ Compare [[es|azar]] and [[it|zara]]; [[it|azzardo]] comes from French.^(Wiktionary)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Everard de Kirkham's version of the ''Distichs of Cato'' (about 1150) uses ''hasart'' for a game of dice; in 1200 Jean Bodel's ''Jeu de saint Nicolas'' uses it for a winning throw at that game (the six).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The dice game gave ''jeu de hasard'' “game of chance” (1538).^(DHLF 1992) From the early 13th century ''hasart'' meant a nasty blow, whence “risk, danger” (15th century), now dated except in ''les hasards de la guerre''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In the early 16th century it came to mean a chance event, and by 1573 the unknown cause of such events, as ''sort'' and ''fortune'' were used; later science spoke of ''les lois du hasard''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Adverbial phrases followed: ''au hasard'' (Montaigne, 1580), ''à tout hasard'' (late 16th century) and ''par hasard'' (1636), which replaced the bare adverb ''hasart'' (1532).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) The golfing ''hasard'' (1906) is borrowed back from [[en|hazard]].^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1150 – ''Hasart'', a dice game.^(TLFi)

+ * 1200 – A throw at dice, Jean Bodel.^(TLFi)

+ * 15th century – ''Hazard'' “risk, danger”.^(TLFi)

+ * early 16th century – A chance event.^(TLFi)

+ * 1538 – ''Jeu de hasard''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1580 – ''Au hasard'', Montaigne.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1636 – ''Par hasard''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|chance]]; the unforeseeable cause of events: ''le hasard fait bien les choses''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A chance event, coincidence: ''quel hasard !''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Par hasard'': by chance, ''au hasard'': at random, ''à tout hasard'': just in case.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Jeu de hasard'': a game of chance.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(dated)'' Risk, danger, ''les hasards de la guerre''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(golf)'' A [[m|en|hazard]].^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hasarder]]

+ * [[hasardeur]]

+ * [[hasardeux]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|hazard]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}