juif French · revision 17099

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 980, Passion de Clermont (judeu)|origins=hbo יְהוּדִי}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʒɥif/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''juif''' (feminine juive, masculine plural juifs, feminine plural juives)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''judeu'' (about 980), ''juef'' (mid-12th century), ''juiu'' (about 1190), ''juieu'', ''giu'', ''juif'' about 1223; feminine ''juiue'', ''juive''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|juiu]], [[inh|la|Iūdaeus|t=of the tribe of Judah, Jew]], from [[grc|Ἰουδαῖος|tr=Ioudaîos]], from [[hbo|יְהוּדִי|tr=yəhûḏî]], from [[m|hbo|יְהוּדָה|tr=yəhûḏāh|t=Judah]], the son of Jacob and Leah who gave his name to a tribe of Israel, then to one of the two kingdoms of Palestine and its people.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) Rey has the Greek word come through [[arc|יְהוּדָאי|tr=yəhûḏāy]].^(DHLF 1992) The word came to mean the whole people because most of the Hebrews who returned from the Babylonian captivity belonged to the tribe of Judah.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(FEW|5, 53a)

+

+ The masculine “juif” was remade on the feminine [[m|fro|juive]], “juiue”, the regular outcome, replacing the older masculine “juiu”.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992) [[en|Jew]] comes from the Old French form “giu”.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Passion'' of Clermont (about 980) has the noun ''Judeu''; the adjective ''judeue gent'' “Jewish people” is in Philippe de Thaon's ''Comput'' (1119).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From Old French on, the word carried hostile connotations reflecting the attitude of the Christian majority, such as “usurer” (1265), from the old ban on Christians lending at interest, and later “miser”.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) The legendary ''Juif errant'' “Wandering Jew” is recorded in 1648.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ In familiar French ''le petit juif'' (1931) is the funny bone of the elbow.^(GLLF 1989) The spelling with a capital, ''Juif'', is used for a member of the people, the lower-case ''juif'' for a follower of the religion.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 980 – ''Judeu'', ''Passion''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1119 – Adjective ''judeue gent'', Philippe de Thaon.^(TLFi)

+ * mid-12th century – ''Juef''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1223 – ''Juif'', Gautier de Coinci.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1274 – Feminine ''juive'', Adenet le Roi.^(TLFi)

+ * 1648 – ''Le Juif errant''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|Jew]], a member of the Jewish people (usually ''Juif'', ''Juive'').^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A follower of [[m|en|Judaism]].^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(familiar)'' ''Le petit juif'': the [[m|en|funny bone]].^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Jewish: ''le peuple juif'', ''la religion juive''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[juiverie]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[judaïsme]]

+ * [[judéen]]

+ * [[la|Iūdaeus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Uses of ''juif'' meaning “miser” or “usurer” are offensive.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}