hors French · revision 17080

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=mid-11th century, Vie de saint Alexis (hors de)|origins=la forīs}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɔʁ/^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''hors'''^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ It is taken from [[dehors]], from [[la-lat|dēforīs|t=from outside]], from [[la|forīs|t=outside, out of doors]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(FEW|3, 701b) Between vowels the “f” of “deforis” regularly disappeared, giving “deors”, which took an “h” in emphatic exclamations; the “h” then spread to “hors”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) “Hors” long coexisted with its variant [[fors]], from Latin “foris”, which went out of use in the 17th century except as a prefix (“forcené”, “forfait”).^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Littré saw “hors” simply as a form of “fors” with “f” turned into “h”.^(Littré 1873)

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+ Compare [[it|fuori]] and [[es|fuera]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Petit Robert 2007)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Vie de saint Alexis'' (mid-11th century) has ''hors del sacrarie'', “out of the sanctuary”: ''hors de'', “outside”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As an adverb meaning “outside” (''aller hors'', about 1135) it is now obsolete, Jean de Meun's ''metre hors'' “to exclude” (1269–78) is figurative.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The bare preposition (''hors la ville'', mid-12th century, ''hors veie'' “aside”, 1174–76) is archaic except in set phrases: ''hors-la-loi'', ''hors jeu'', ''hors série'', ''hors pair'', ''hors taxes''.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007) Corneille (1640) has ''hors de'' meaning “except”, and Molière ''hors que'' “unless” (1666).^(TLFi)

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+ ''Hors de soi'' “beside oneself” goes back to ''hors dou sens'' “out of one's mind” (Adam de la Halle, about 1276).^(TLFi) Belgian French has ''hors prix'' where France says ''hors de prix''.^(DHLF 1992)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * mid-11th century – ''Hors de'', ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1135 – Adverb “outside”, ''Couronnement de Louis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1276 – ''Hors dou sens''.^(TLFi)

+ * 13th century – The compound ''hormis''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 17th century – ''Hors-d'œuvre''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1666 – ''Hors que'', Molière.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''Hors de'': [[m|en|outside]], out of: ''hors de la ville'', ''hors de danger'', ''hors d'usage'', ''hors de prix''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Hors de soi'': beside oneself (with anger).^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(literary)'' [[m|en|except]], apart from: ''hors lui''.^(Wiktionary)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # In set phrases, outside, beyond: ''hors jeu'', ''hors série'', ''hors pair'', ''hors taxes'', ''hors service''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hormis]]

+ * [[hors-bord]]

+ * [[hors-d'œuvre]]

+ * [[hors-jeu]]

+ * [[hors-la-loi]]

+ * [[hors-série]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dehors]]

+ * [[fors]]

+ * [[la|forīs]]

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}