élever French · revision 17062

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1120, Psautier d'Oxford (eslever)|origins=la levō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /el.ve/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /ɛl.ve/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''élever'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''eslever'', ''élever'' from the 14th century.^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|fr|é-|lever]], partly blended with a borrowing of [[la|ēlevō|t=to lift up; to lighten; to weaken, belittle]], itself formed on [[m|la|levō|t=to raise]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|5, 271a) Bloch and Wartburg allow a Vulgar Latin “*exlevare” beside the classical verb.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Compare [[pro|eslevar]] and [[it|elevare]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Psautier d'Oxford'' (first half of the 12th century) uses ''eslever'' “to raise higher”, translating Latin ''elevare'': ''esleverent li flum lur voiz'' “the floods lifted up their voice”.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From “to put higher” came building (''élever un mur''), geometry (''élever une perpendiculaire''), raising someone to power, raising prices or the mind, and ''élever la voix''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ The sense “to bring up a living being” has a complex history: Wartburg's example from 1270 is ambiguous, and before the 17th century ''élever qqn'' usually meant to raise someone to a higher position.^(DHLF 1992) Raising trees and animals is recorded in 1499, feeding and caring for a child in 1530, and educating one in 1607, ''bien élevé'' and ''mal élevé'' describe manners that result from upbringing.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) The derivatives [[élève]] (1653) and [[élevage]] are late.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1120 – ''Eslever'' “to raise”, ''Psautier d'Oxford''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * c. 1170 – Figurative senses, ''Livre des Rois''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1499 – Raising animals and trees.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1530 – Bringing up a child, Palsgrave.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1607 – “To educate”.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|raise]], lift higher: ''élever les bras'', ''élever l'hostie''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To build up, erect: ''élever un mur'', ''élever un monument''; to raise a level: ''élever la maison d'un étage''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To raise in rank, value or intensity: ''élever les prix'', ''élever la voix'', ''(arithmetic)'' to raise to a power.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|elevate]] morally or intellectually: ''élever l'esprit''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|bring up]] (a child), educate: ''bien élevé'', ''mal élevé''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To rear, breed (animals); to grow (plants).^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''S'élever'': to rise, go up; to amount to; to protest: ''s'élever contre une injustice''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[élevage]]

+ * [[élève]]

+ * [[éleveur]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[élévateur]]

+ * [[élévation]]

+ * [[lever]]

+ * [[la|ēlevō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}