chaleur French · revision 17060

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=early 12th century, Psautier de Cambridge (chalur)|origins=la caleō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʃa.lœʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''chaleur''' ''f'' (plural chaleurs)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''chalur'', ''chalour'', ''chalor'', Picard ''caleur'' and ''caure''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|chalor]], [[inh|la|calor|t=heat, warmth; ardour]], accusative “calōrem”, from [[m|la|caleō|t=to be warm]], the source of Old French [[m|fro|chaloir|t=to matter]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|2, 101b) The TLFi treats it as taken from Latin “calor”, whose senses it follows closely.^(TLFi) Littré points out that Old Picard “caure” continues the Latin nominative “cálor”, stressed on the first syllable, while “chaleur” continues the accusative “calórem”.^(Littré 1873)^(REW 1935)

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+ Cognate with [[it|calore]], [[es|calor]], [[ca|calor]] and [[oc|calor]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(REW 1935)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Psautier de Cambridge'' (early 12th century) speaks of the ''chalur'' of the sun: the state of matter at a high temperature.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ About 1220 it was also the feeling of heat in illness, and in Nicot (1606) ''les grandes chaleurs'' are the summer.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Gaston Phébus's ''Livre de la chasse'' (1387–1391) uses it for the mating season of animals, and ''être en chaleur'' “to be in heat” dates from 1561.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

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+ Figuratively it meant vitality and enthusiasm from 1549 (Robert Estienne), and in classical French also violent passion; today it suggests warmth of feeling, as in [[chaleureux]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The scientific notion took shape in the 17th and 18th centuries, with ''chaleur latente'' and ''chaleur spécifique'' (1789).^(DHLF 1992)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * early 12th century – ''Chalur'' of the sun, ''Psautier de Cambridge''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1220 – The feeling of heat in illness.^(TLFi)

+ * 1387–1391 – The mating season, Gaston Phébus.^(TLFi)

+ * 1549 – “Enthusiasm”, Robert Estienne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1561 – ''Être en chaleur''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1606 – ''Les grandes chaleurs'', Nicot.^(TLFi)

+ * 1789 – ''Chaleur spécifique''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|heat]], warmth: ''la chaleur du soleil'', ''une chaleur étouffante'', ''(plural)'' hot weather: ''les grandes chaleurs''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(physics)'' Heat as a form of energy: ''chaleur spécifique''.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # A feeling of heat in the body: ''bouffées de chaleur''.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''En chaleur'': in heat (of female animals).^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Warmth, ardour, fervour: ''la chaleur de l'accueil'', ''dans la chaleur de la discussion''.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[chaleureux]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[chaud]]

+ * [[chaloir]]

+ * [[échauffer]]

+ * [[calorie]]

+ * [[la|calor]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}