livrer French · revision 17017

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont|origins=la līber}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /li.vʁe/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''livrer'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|livrer]], [[inh|la|līberō|t=to set free]], from [[m|la|līber|t=free]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|5, 301a)^(Wiktionary) In popular Latin the verb had come to mean “to let go”, then “to hand over, supply”;^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005) Littré notes that the Latin verb already means “to hand over” in the capitularies of Charles the Bald.^(Littré 1873) The learned borrowing of the same Latin verb is [[libérer]], its doublet.^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|liberare]], [[oc|liurar]], [[ca|lliurar]], [[es|librar]] and [[ro|livra]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the Clermont ''Passion'' (late 10th century) it means “to set free”, a sense since left to [[délivrer]], and “to put someone at another's disposal”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The ''Chanson de Roland'' (about 1100) has it for handing someone or something over to another's mercy, and has ''livrer bataille'' “to give battle”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) The commercial sense, handing goods that have been ordered to the buyer, is recorded in 1281;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) “to hand over by treachery” appears in Commynes (about 1500), and “to reveal a secret” in Racine (1669).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ The reflexive ''se livrer'' meant “to give oneself up to someone's power” from the 13th century, and was also said of a woman granting her favours.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Between the late 16th and the late 17th century it came to mean “to devote oneself to” (''se livrer à'', 1616, d'Aubigné), “to confide in” (1667, Racine) and “to abandon oneself to a feeling” (1680, Madame de Sévigné).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Most derivatives belong to trade: [[livraison]] (12th century), [[livrable]] (1792) and [[livreur]] (1877).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 10th century – “To set free” and “to put at someone's disposal”, Clermont ''Passion''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Livrer bataille'', in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1281 – “To deliver goods”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1500 – “To betray”, Commynes.^(TLFi)

+ * 1616 – ''Se livrer à'' “to devote oneself to”, d'Aubigné.^(TLFi)

+ * 1680 – “To abandon oneself to a feeling”, Madame de Sévigné.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To hand over to: ''livrer un coupable à la justice'', ''livré à soi-même'', left to one's own devices.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To give up to destruction: ''livrer une ville au pillage''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To [[m|en|betray]], hand over by treachery: ''livrer ses complices''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To [[m|en|deliver]] (goods ordered): ''livrer une commande''; to deliver to (a customer).^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To reveal, confide: ''livrer un secret''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Livrer bataille, livrer combat'': to engage in battle.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Se livrer'': to give oneself up; to confide in someone, ''se livrer à'', to abandon oneself to (a feeling), to engage in (an activity).^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[livraison]]

+ * [[livreur]]

+ * [[livrable]]

+ * [[livrée]]

+ * [[délivrer]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[libérer]]

+ * [[libre]]

+ * [[la|līber]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}