est French · revision 17004

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1140, Geffrei Gaimar, Estoire des Engleis|origins=ang ēast}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɛst/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''est''' (invariable)^(Wiktionary)

+ First found as ''le hest'' (about 1138).^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Like the other points of the compass, it is [[bor|ang|ēast|t=east]], found as an adverb from the late 9th century and as a noun from the 12th.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|15/2, 90a)^(Wiktionary) The GLLF gives the Middle English form [[m|enm|est]].^(GLLF 1989) Compare [[de|Ost]], [[m|de|Osten]] and [[nl|oost]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) Rey traces the Germanic forms to an Indo-European root meaning “dawn”.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Geffrei Gaimar's ''Estoire des Engleis'' (about 1140) has ''est'', the cardinal point of the rising sun.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The ''Livre des Rois'' (12th century) has ''L'entrée del temple ki fud devers le hest'' “the entrance of the temple which faced east”.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Furetière (1690) records the sense “place lying to the east”, and in 1870 Larousse ''l'Est'', the eastern region of France (Alsace, Lorraine, Franche-Comté).^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992) From 1945 to 1990 ''l'Est'' and ''les pays de l'Est'' were the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR, as against ''l'Ouest''.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) In Quebec the ''Cantons de l'Est'' are the eastern region bordering the United States, also called l'Estrie.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1138 – ''Le hest'', Gaimar.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1140 – ''Est''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1690 – “Place lying to the east”, Furetière.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1870 – ''L'Est'', the east of France.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1945–1990 – ''Les pays de l'Est'', the Eastern bloc.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|east]], the cardinal point where the sun rises: ''de l'est à l'ouest'', ''vent d'est''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The eastern part of a country or region, ''l'Est'', the east of France.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''L'Est, les pays de l'Est'': Eastern Europe, formerly the Eastern bloc.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # East, eastern (invariable): ''la côte est'', ''longitude est''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[nord]]

+ * [[sud]]

+ * [[ouest]]

+ * [[estrien]]

+ * [[en|east]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Est'' is also the third person singular present of [[être]], a homograph pronounced /ɛ/.^(TLFi) By the TLFi's rule it takes a small letter for the direction and a capital for a region or group of states, though writers do not always follow it.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}