hiver French · revision 17003

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=11th century (iverz)|origins=la hiems}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /i.vɛʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Quebec, formal): [i.vɛːʁ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Quebec, informal): [i.veɪ̯ʁ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Quebec, informal): [i.vaɛ̯ʁ]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hiver''' ''m'' (plural hivers)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''iver'', ''ivern''; the ⟨h⟩ was added after Latin in the 13th century (1282, ''hyveir'').^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi) The Académie wrote ''hyver'' as a variant from 1694 to 1740.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|iver]], [[inh|la-lat|hībernum|t=winter]], short for [[la|hībernum tempus|t=the winter season]], from the adjective [[m|la|hībernus|t=wintry]], derived from [[m|la|hiems|t=winter]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|4, 418b)^(Wiktionary) The TLFi and Rey describe it as taken from Late Latin.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The Late Latin word replaced the classical one everywhere in Romance.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992) Littré compares [[sa|हिम|tr=hima|t=snow]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|inverno]], [[oc|ivèrn]], [[es|invierno]] and [[wa|ivier]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ An 11th-century religious poem inspired by the Song of Songs has the subject form ''iverz''.^(TLFi) Villehardouin (early 13th century) writes that the French army spent all the winter at Zara: ''sejorna li os de France à Jadres tout l'iver''.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Figuratively it stands for sadness (Du Bellay, before 1560: ''l'hyver de mes ennuis'') and for old age (1629, Mairet, ''l'hiver de la vie'', before 1646, Maynard), and in that context means a year: ''soixante hivers''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Fénelon (about 1695) uses it for cold weather.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Racine has ''quartiers d'hiver'' (1678) and Furetière ''fruits d'hiver'' (1690); ''sports d'hiver'' dates from the mid-20th century.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 11th century – ''Iverz''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1282 – ''Hyveir'', with the Latin ⟨h⟩.^(TLFi)

+ * Before 1560 – Figurative use, Du Bellay.^(TLFi)

+ * 1629 – “Old age”, Mairet.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * c. 1695 – “Cold weather”, Fénelon.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|winter]], the coldest season of the year: ''en hiver'', ''un hiver rigoureux'', ''sports d'hiver''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(literary)'' Old age: ''l'hiver de la vie'', ''(plural)'' years of age: ''soixante hivers''.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hivernal]]

+ * [[hiverner]]

+ * [[hivernage]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hiberner]]

+ * [[hiémal]]

+ * [[la|hībernus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}