soulever French · revision 16999

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation, calque|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont (soslevar)|origins=la levō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /sul.ve/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''soulever'''^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Soslevar'' (about 980), ''sozlever'' (11th century), ''soslever'' (about 1130), ''souslever'' (13th century); ''soulever'' from the 14th century.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|fr|sous-|lever]], on the model of [[la|sublevō|t=to lift up, raise]], from [[m|la|sub-]] and [[m|la|levō|t=to raise]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)^(FEW|5, 274a)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Compare [[oc|solevar]], [[es|solevar]] and [[it|sollevare]].^(Littré 1873)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Clermont ''Passion'' (about 980) has ''soslevar'' for lifting a heavy object above its support; in the ''Vie de saint Alexis'' (about 1050) the saint's covering is lifted: ''Les dras suzlevet dunt il esteit cuvert''.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It came to mean “to make rise” (1210–30), of dust and, from 1645, of waves raised by the wind.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Chrétien de Troyes (about 1170) uses it figuratively for “to uplift, exalt”, and Jean Renart (1228) has ''li cuers l'en souslieve'' “his heart leaps”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) From the 16th century the stomach rises: ''le cœur me soulève'' “I am disgusted” (1559), ''soulever le cœur'' (1660), ''notre cœur se soulève'' (1654).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ''Se soulever'' “to rise in revolt” is in Amyot (1559); ''soulever'' “to stir up hostility” is in Corneille (1642) and ''soulever quelqu'un contre soi'' in Racine (1669).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) From 1835 it means to raise a question or difficulty, and ''soulever le voile'' is to reveal a secret.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Slang has it for “to steal” (1790, Vidocq, 1828).^(TLFi)^(BHVF)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 980 – ''Soslevar'', Clermont ''Passion''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1050 – ''Suzlever'', ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1170 – Figurative use, Chrétien de Troyes.^(TLFi)

+ * 1559 – ''Se soulever'' “to revolt”, Amyot.^(TLFi)

+ * 1642 – “To stir up against”, Corneille.^(TLFi)

+ * 1790 – Slang “to steal”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1835 – To raise (a question), Académie.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|lift]], raise slightly: ''soulever un fardeau'', ''soulever le couvercle''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To raise (dust, waves): ''le vent soulève la poussière''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # To stir up, rouse: ''soulever l'enthousiasme, l'indignation''; to stir (people) to revolt.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # To raise (a question, objection): ''soulever un problème''.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Soulever le cœur'': to turn the stomach, disgust.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''Se soulever'': to raise oneself; to rise up, revolt.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(slang)'' To [[m|en|steal]], pinch; to steal (someone's partner).^(BHVF)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[soulèvement]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[lever]]

+ * [[sous]]

+ * [[la|sublevō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}