juge French · revision 16990

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1170, Livre des Rois|origins=la iudex}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʒyʒ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''juge''' ''m'' (plural juges)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|iūdex|t=judge, arbiter]], through its accusative;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(FEW|5, 55a) its sound development followed that of the verb [[juger]].^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(REW 1935) The Latin word is formed from [[m|la|iūs|t=law, right]] and [[m|la|dīcō|t=to say, show]]: properly “the one who shows the law by speaking”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) Rey, after Benveniste, sees in it the old Indo-European tie between “law” and “saying”.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Cognate with [[ro|jude]], [[it|giudice]], [[pro|jutge]], [[es|juez]] and [[pt|juiz]].^(REW 1935)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Livre des Rois'' (about 1170) uses it for one who settles a dispute, and also for the political and religious leaders of the Hebrews before the kings, as in the Book of Judges.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The legal sense “magistrate who applies the law” is recorded from 1174, in Guernes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Jean de Meun (1269–1278) uses it for anyone called on to give an opinion, and, from 1564 ''juge de'' means “competent to judge”.^(TLFi) God is ''vray juge'' in 1356, and about 1510 a ''juge'' was the umpire of a combat.^(TLFi) Beaumanoir already says that no one should be ''juges et partie'' in his own case, the king excepted.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ The growing specialization of judges is reflected in compounds: ''juge de paix'' (1688, Miège, for England; adopted in France in 1790), ''juge-commissaire'' (1806) and ''juge d'instruction'' (1810).^(GLLF 1989)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Rey gives an earlier date, 1660, for ''juge de paix'',^(DHLF 1992) which in underworld slang meant what settles a quarrel: a cudgel (1800), later a pistol.^(DHLF 1992) The Swiss equivalent of a ''juge d'instruction'' is a ''juge informateur''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1170 – An arbiter, and the Judges of Israel, in the ''Livre des Rois''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1174 – A magistrate, in Guernes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence.^(TLFi)

+ * 1269–1278 – One who gives an opinion, in the ''Roman de la Rose''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1356 – ''Vray juge'', of God.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1510 – The umpire of a combat.^(TLFi)

+ * 1688 – ''Juge de paix'', of England (Miège).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1790 – ''Juge de paix'' adopted in France.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1810 – ''Juge d'instruction'' in the Penal Code.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(law)'' A [[m|en|judge]], a magistrate who applies the law and dispenses justice, ''juge d'instruction'', an [[m|en|examining magistrate]], ''juge de paix'', a [[m|en|justice of the peace]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A person called on to settle a dispute, an [[m|en|arbiter]]; in sport, a judge or [[m|en|referee]]: ''juge de ligne'', ''juge de touche''.^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A person who gives an opinion, who is competent to judge: ''être bon juge'', ''être juge et partie'', to judge one's own case.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+ # ''(Bible)'' One of the Judges, the leaders of Israel before the kings.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[juger]]

+ * [[jugement]]

+ * [[judiciaire]]

+ * [[juridique]]

+ * [[la|iudex]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}